{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:47:21Z","timestamp":1782294441257,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is linked to high mortality rates, especially in developing countries. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted across three central hospitals in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Hail General Hospital, and King Khalid Hospital, to assess the knowledge and adherence of intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare practitioners to the ventilator bundle (VB) for VAP prevention. It also looked at the practitioners\u2019 perceived barriers to effective VB deployment. The study (n = 86) revealed significant disparities in VAP prevention knowledge across educational levels regarding the recommended degree of head-of-bed (HOB) elevation (p &lt; 0.001), the use of endotracheal tubes with extra lumens for subglottic drainage (p &lt; 0.001), and the protective effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate antiseptic oral rinse (p = 0.019). Professional experience significantly influenced knowledge of non-standard VB components (p &lt; 0.001), the recommended frequency of awakening and spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) (p &lt; 0.001), and knowledge of extra-lumen tubes (p = 0.038) and kinetic beds vs. standard beds (p = 0.005). Significant differences were found between professional categories regarding knowledge of hand hygiene performance (p = 0.032), the correct degree of HOB elevation (p = 0.007), and patient positioning (semi-recumbent vs. supine) (p = 0.023). Years of experience significantly impacted reported compliance with institutional VB (p = 0.013), adherence to oral care protocols (p = 0.035), and the assessment of sedation depth (p = 0.002). While basic measures like HOB elevation practice and DVT prophylaxis showed universal reported compliance (100%), significant performance gaps were identified in more complex tasks, such as interrupting continuous sedative infusions and performing SBTs as recommended (p &lt; 0.001), particularly among novice practitioners. The primary implementation barrier preventing full compliance with the VB was identified as educational deficit, which was prioritized as the most important area for quality improvement, highlighting the need for targeted training for newly hired ICU staff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:57:24Z","timestamp":1782287844000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention Bundle: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Saudi Study to Assess Knowledge, Adherence, and Perceived Barriers Among ICU Practitioners in Hail Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ashwaq Abdullah","family":"Alanezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control Department, Hail Health Cluster, Ministry of Health (MOH), Hail 81411, Hail Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5838-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed E.","family":"Elawamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Unit (Parasitology Division), Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Al-Qalyubiyya Governorate, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda Khalaf","family":"Alshammri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Directorate at the Hail Health Cluster, Ministry of Health (MOH), Hail 81411, Hail Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Ali","family":"Elkordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11461, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Aldakahlia Governorate, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Rates of ventilator associated pneumonia in Saudi ministry of health hospitals; A two-year multi-center study","volume":"9","author":"Humayun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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