{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1791308905314,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Chilean Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT 11181182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT 11181182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FONDECYT 11181182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT 11181182"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although pathogenic Leptospira DNA has been detected in water and soil from different climatic regions, information from Mediterranean-climate agricultural systems remains limited. This study characterized the environmental detection of pathogenic Leptospira DNA in water and soil samples from irrigated agroecosystems of central Chile, evaluating spatial and seasonal variation and associations with selected physicochemical variables. A total of 605 samples were collected from eight agricultural sites during spring 2019, summer 2020, and winter 2021. Samples were analyzed by real-time PCR targeting lipL32. Overall, 29.1% of samples were PCR-positive, and pathogenic Leptospira DNA was detected in all sites and seasons. Soil samples showed higher positivity than water samples (34.5% vs. 21.4%), and positivity was higher in summer (41.7%) than in spring (22.7%) or winter (19.3%). Water temperature and turbidity were the only physicochemical variables that differed between positive and negative samples, whereas the binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) showed that season and sample type were associated with PCR positivity after accounting for site-level clustering. These results show that pathogenic Leptospira DNA can be widely detected in irrigated agricultural systems from a Mediterranean-climate region, suggesting that soil, seasonality, irrigation practices, and other site-level characteristics should be considered in future studies on the environmental ecology of pathogenic Leptospira.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:48:16Z","timestamp":1782366496000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira DNA in Agricultural Ecosystems from a Mediterranean-Climate Region of Central Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M. Fernanda","family":"San Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol","family":"Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 653, Chile"},{"name":"Research Ring in Pest Insects and Climate Change (PIC2), Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnau","family":"Casanovas-Massana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2726-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carezza","family":"Botto-Mahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 653, Chile"},{"name":"Research Ring in Pest Insects and Climate Change (PIC2), Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Bacigalupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Ring in Pest Insects and Climate Change (PIC2), Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Santiago 7500975, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro E.","family":"Cattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Contardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Butantan, Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Yefi-Quinteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2855-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana P.","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilia, G., Bertelloni, F., and Fratini, F. 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