{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:48Z","timestamp":1785417528874,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jhswv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoio a N\u00facleos de Excel\u00eancia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vacuolar Protein Sorting 29 (VPS29) is a highly conserved subunit of the retromer complex, which mediates retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and plays a critical role in membrane trafficking, protein recycling, and organelle biogenesis. In Plasmodium falciparum, the retromer has been implicated in the formation of apical organelles essential for parasite invasion and replication. In this study, we investigated naturally acquired antibody responses to P. falciparum VPS29 (PfVPS29) and the genetic diversity of the vps29 gene in isolates from three malaria-endemic areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Naturally acquired responses to PfVPS29 were evaluated by ELISA in 533 individuals, and genetic diversity was assessed in 62 P. falciparum isolates. Only 17% of participants displayed IgG reactivity, whereas 73.5% showed IgM responses, indicating limited IgG acquisition but a predominant IgM profile associated with recent or ongoing exposure. IgG subclass analysis revealed a predominance of cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 among responders. IgM responses were significantly boosted during P. falciparum infection. Sequence analysis revealed no polymorphisms among Brazilian isolates, and comparison with global datasets confirmed the high conservation of the PfVPS29 coding sequence. Together, these findings show that PfVPS29 is a highly conserved intracellular protein that elicits an atypical humoral response dominated by IgM, with limited class switching to IgG, like other conserved or repetitive malaria antigens. These results highlight PfVPS29 as an example of a conserved intracellular antigen that induces non-classical humoral responses in naturally exposed populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibody Responses to the Conserved Plasmodium falciparum Vacuolar Sorting Protein 29 in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juliana Aline Souza","family":"Lemos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara de Oliveira","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina de Souza Faria","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Amorim dos Santos de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1554-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer Peixoto de","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Medeiros","family":"Martorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas na Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental, Universidade Federal do Acre\u2014Campus Floresta (UFAC), Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9772-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Nunes","family":"Rodrigues-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Kety Pratt","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Centre, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Renato Rivas","family":"Totino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9 da Costa","family":"Lima-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Tadeu","family":"Daniel-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian Rose","family":"Pratt-Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). 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