{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:03:53Z","timestamp":1791644633687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its first description in the late nineteenth century, the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) has changed considerably. Once primarily affecting younger individuals with structural heart disease, IE is now increasingly encountered in older patients with multiple comorbidities and frequent healthcare exposure. Population ageing, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), immunosuppression, and injection drug use (IDU) have broadened the pool of susceptible hosts. At the same time, the increasing use of prosthetic valves (PVs), cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), and transcatheter cardiac interventions has reshaped the clinical spectrum of IE. This epidemiological transition has also been accompanied by shifts in microbiological patterns, with a growing predominance of staphylococci and enterococci, as well as marked geographic and socioeconomic variation in disease burden. This review summarizes the contemporary epidemiology of IE, with an emphasis on the host-, healthcare-, and microbiological factors underlying its evolving clinical profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changing Patterns in Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Epidemiological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Rapti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Pelagia","family":"Magiorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthymia","family":"Giannitsioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0778-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garyfallia","family":"Poulakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., Liu, P., Li, H., Chen, H., Shen, Q., Liu, H., and Hu, J. 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