{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1783077982828,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equids, primarily horses, are mostly used for recreational purposes, although in some rural areas they also serve as working animals, maintaining close and frequent contact with humans. Their risk of exposure to vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens can be affected by host-related factors, management practices and environmental conditions. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for infections by Babesia caballi, Toxoplasma gondii, Coxiella burnetii, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in equids from Southwestern Greece. A total of 159 equids were tested using commercial serological assays. Weighted prevalence estimates were applied to account for unequal sampling. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Ecological niche modelling was employed to evaluate geographic patterns and environmental correlates. Seroprevalence was highest for B. caballi (8.81%), followed by T. gondii (7.55%) and C. burnetii (1.26%). No seropositive animals were detected for B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Ecological niche modelling showed acceptable predictive performance for B. caballi, with BIO14 and BIO6 emerging as the main environmental predictors. In contrast, the T. gondii model exhibited unacceptable predictive performance, and its environmental associations should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Complementary Random Forest analyses yielded comparable environmental rankings but showed higher classification performance for T. gondii than for B. caballi. Overall, the findings contribute to understanding pathogen exposure patterns in equids and underscore the importance of integrating epidemiological and environmental data in surveillance efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Environmental Correlates of Babesia caballi, Toxoplasma gondii, and Coxiella\u00a0burnetii in Equids from Southwestern Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Touloudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexios","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2325-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Tyrnenopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Siasios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6278-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoi","family":"Athanasakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garyfallenia","family":"Tsinopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Sofia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Spyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George C.","family":"Fthenakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalambos","family":"Billinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios C.","family":"Chatzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.0237","article-title":"A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Halliday","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000401","article-title":"Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"6","author":"Rappole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990505","article-title":"West Nile fever\u2014A reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Halouzka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.020094","article-title":"Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe","volume":"8","author":"Kolodziejek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01646.x","article-title":"The effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of Montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre hantavirus","volume":"79","author":"Luis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0889","article-title":"Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: Pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence","volume":"356","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, E., Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N., and Smith, T. (2005). Working animals in agriculture and transport. Livestock and Wealth Creation: Improving the Husbandry of Animals Kept by Resource-Poor People in Developing Countries, Nottingham University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1752756200009388"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.07.0159","article-title":"Guest editorial: Examining effects of equine-assisted activities to help combat veterans improve quality of life","volume":"50","author":"Lanning","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104511404177","article-title":"Equine-facilitated psychotherapy for at-risk adolescents: The influence on self-image, self-control and trust","volume":"17","author":"Bachi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, S.L., Grant, S., Choyke, A.M., and Bartosiewicz, L. (2006). Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships, Archaeopress.","DOI":"10.30861\/9781841719900"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376230","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","article-title":"The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12070.x","article-title":"Abundance and seasonal activity of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in their natural habitats in southern Germany in 2011","volume":"39","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2016-0044","article-title":"Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan","volume":"61","author":"Davitkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-005-5691-z","article-title":"Theileria (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain","volume":"37","author":"Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.09.027","article-title":"Is the horse a reservoir or an indicator of Coxiella burnetii infection? Systematic review and biomolecular investigation","volume":"167","author":"Marenzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13026","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii in equids in different European countries","volume":"70","author":"Franco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695196","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses: A review","volume":"27","author":"Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WOAH (2023). Equine Piroplasmosis, World Organisation for Animal Health."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azagi, T., Hoornstra, D., Kremer, K., Hovius, J.W.R., and Sprong, H. (2021). Circulation of Babesia Species and Their Exposure to Humans through Ixodes ricinus. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040386"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. (2010). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.002","article-title":"Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat","volume":"38","author":"Kijlstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15042","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease in North American horses: A consensus statement","volume":"32","author":"Divers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2026, April 09). Babesia caballi Antibody Test Kit, cELISA. Available online: https:\/\/www.vmrd.com\/product-page\/babesia-caballi-antibody-test-kit-celisa?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"101093","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in apparently healthy horses in eastern of Spain","volume":"54","author":"Pala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2026, April 09). ID Screen\u00ae Q Fever Indirect Multi-Species. Internal Validation Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.innovative-diagnostics.com\/produit\/id-screen-q-fever-indirect-multi-species\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00898-4","article-title":"First serological record of Coxiella burnetii infection in the equine population of Slovakia","volume":"77","author":"Vojtek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"32","article-title":"Development and validation of a specific recombinant based ELISA for detection of anti-borrelia antibodies in equine serum","volume":"S60","author":"Carpentier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eq. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (EEA) (2026, April 09). CORINE Land Cover (CLC) 2018, Version 2020_20u1, Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.011","article-title":"Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in Greece","volume":"169","author":"Kouam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.011","article-title":"Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Central-Southern Italy: Sero-molecular survey and associated risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Nardini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10722-y","article-title":"Prevalence rates of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in the horse population of northern Spain: A serological and molecular study","volume":"49","author":"Peris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axt, C.W., Springer, A., Strube, C., Jung, C., Naucke, T.J., M\u00fcller, E., and Sch\u00e4fer, I. (2024). Molecular and serological detection of vector-borne pathogens responsible for equine piroplasmosis in Europe between 2008 and 2021. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040816"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105222","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in horses: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01108-w","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in equids: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-178","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses from the north of Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.002","article-title":"Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. infections in Swedish horses","volume":"138","author":"Jakubek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1929-4","article-title":"Neospora spp. and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in horses in the Czech Republic","volume":"107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.25571","article-title":"Investigation of seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in horses and donkeys in Mu\u015f Province of Turkey","volume":"73","author":"Kirbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirosh-Levy, S., Steinman, A., Minderigiu, A., Arieli, O., Savitski, I., Fleiderovitz, L., Edery, N., Schvartz, G., and Leszkowicz Mazuz, M. (2020). High exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in donkeys in Israel: Serological survey and case reports. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101921"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahallawy, E.K., Hassan, M.F., Cano-Terriza, D., Albalawi, N.O., Fajardo, T., Gouda, A.A., Atiba, A., Hendawy, A., Villena, I., and Barakat, A.M. (2025). Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii in equines in Northern Egypt. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1561145"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.06.012","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in horses slaughtered for human consumption in Italy","volume":"35","author":"Papini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hct087","article-title":"Finding horse meat in beef products\u2014A global problem","volume":"106","year":"2013","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.012","article-title":"Seroprevalence of horses to Coxiella burnetii in a Q fever endemic area","volume":"215","author":"Desjardins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.54203\/scil.2020.wvj72","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in horses of Algeria: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors","volume":"10","author":"Ansel","year":"2020","journal-title":"World\u2019s Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, N.J., and Magalh\u00e3es, R.J.S. (2018). Airborne geographical dispersal of Q fever from livestock holdings to human communities: A systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3135-4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsarou, E.I., Giannoulis, T., Michael, C.K., Lianou, D.T., Vasileiou, N.G.C., Solomakos, N., Katsafadou, A.I., Mavrogianni, V.S., Chatzopoulos, D.C., and Fthenakis, G.C. (2025). A Note on the Association Between Climatological Conditions and the Presence of Coxiella burnetiid in the Milk-Tank of Dairy Sheep and Goat Farms in Greece. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070686"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasiou, L.V., Katsogiannou, E.G., Tyrnenopoulou, P., Gougoulis, D., Apostolidis, K.N., Papadakis, S.M., Kokkinaki, K.C.G., Papatsiros, V.G., and Tsokana, C.N. (2023). Evidence of horse exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the detection of IgG antibodies in serum and in an alternative diagnostic sample\u2014The saliva. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091374"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloster, H., Stormo, C., Haaland, A.H., Stuen, S., and Kjelland, V. (2025). Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in horses in southern Norway. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.2312.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1682550","article-title":"Tick transmission of toxoplasmosis","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001","article-title":"Sex-associated hormones and immunity to protozoan parasites","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000486","article-title":"Infections by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Jordanian equids: Epidemiology and genetic diversity","volume":"140","author":"Qablan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0193","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses from northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"Grandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyiche, T.E., Suganuma, K., Igarashi, I., Yokoyama, N., Xuan, X., and Thekisoe, O. (2019). A review on equine piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, vector ecology, risk factors, host immunity, diagnosis and control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101736"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593232","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/593232","article-title":"Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe","volume":"2009","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1056-7","article-title":"Climate, niche, ticks, and models: What they are and how we should interpret them","volume":"103","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14261","article-title":"Eco-epidemiology of equine piroplasmosis and its associated tick vectors in Europe: A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"69","author":"Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/7\/703\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1783076257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/7\/703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15070703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15070703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}