{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1790722260728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Public fitness facilities are high-contact environments that facilitate microbial transfer via shared surfaces; however, temporal dynamics and device-specific contamination patterns remain insufficiently characterized. Methods: A repeated-measures observational study was conducted in a fitness facility over five consecutive weekdays (Monday to Friday). A total of 180 surface samples were collected from 12 gym devices, each sampled three times daily (morning, noon, and evening). Surface-associated cultivable bacteria were recovered using culture-based methods followed by MALDI-TOF MS identification. Ecological metrics, including species richness and Shannon diversity, were calculated, and taxa were classified by origin (skin-associated versus environmental). Device-specific contamination profiles were developed using a composite index incorporating pathogen presence, contamination frequency, and persistence. Temporal trends and predictors of contamination were analyzed using mixed-effects regression models. All statistical analyses were performed in R. Results: A total of 248 bacterial isolates were identified, representing 61 species across 32 families, with a predominance of skin-associated taxa (72.2%). Sampling time point was a strong independent predictor of contamination (adjusted OR for noon vs. morning: 7.19; p &lt; 0.001). While overall microbial diversity remained stable across devices (Shannon index, p = 0.44), substantial heterogeneity was observed in pathogen prevalence, multispecies burden, and persistence. The functional trainer and leg extension showed the highest composite risk scores (42.3%), while the ab crunch machine and upper body ergometer demonstrated significantly increasing contamination trends over the sampling period (p &lt; 0.05). Co-occurrence analysis showed nonrandom microbial associations, with the strongest positive links between Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (\u03a6 = 0.76) and Staphylococcus aureus (\u03a6 = 0.61). Conclusions: Gym equipment surfaces harbor predominantly human-associated microbial communities exhibiting dynamic temporal contamination patterns, and on selected devices, increasing the baseline contamination across consecutive cleaning cycles. The findings indicate that contamination patterns on shared fitness equipment are dominated by taxa commonly associated with human skin and support targeted hygiene interventions focused on frequently contacted devices and periods of elevated contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1783346468000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbial Contamination of Gym Equipment: Diversity Patterns, Temporal Dynamics, Staphylococcus Hotspots, and Device-Level Risk Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Martens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport (DHGS), 85737 Ismaning, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Motevalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport (DHGS), 85737 Ismaning, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport (DHGS), 85737 Ismaning, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5073-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12544","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111212544","article-title":"Diversity of bacterial communities of fitness center surfaces in a U.S. metropolitan area","volume":"11","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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