{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:59:35Z","timestamp":1785405575968,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rs3t968","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recognizes ethnicity as a structural determinant of health, yet ethnic\u2013racial analyses of neglected tropical diseases remain scarce. This study investigated cumulative notification and mortality rates of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil from 2016 to 2025 according to the official Brazilian race\/color categories. Data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN\/DATASUS), and temporal and spatial patterns were analyzed. ACL showed marked geographic heterogeneity, with the highest cumulative notification rates concentrated in the North and Central-West regions. Indigenous and Asian populations presented the highest cumulative notification rates, whereas mortality rates were highest among Indigenous populations and remained elevated among Brown populations in several settings. Spatial clusters were concentrated mainly in the Brazilian Amazon, reinforcing the persistence of territorial inequalities in ACL distribution. Overall, the findings reveal substantial race\/color and geographic disparities in both ACL occurrence and mortality in Brazil, underscoring the need for more equitable surveillance, prevention, and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:55:32Z","timestamp":1783598132000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnic\u2013Racial and Spatial Inequalities of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil: A Nationwide Analysis of Cumulative Notification and Mortality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Al\u00eds Hassan","family":"Salman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOMED\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Nazareth","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Jullia Alves","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOMED\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Alves","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOMED\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Pereira","family":"da Matta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOMED\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari S\u00e9rgio de Oliveira","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4223-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia de Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"da Trindade Granato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOMED\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, Brazil"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2026, April 11). 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