{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1784632381840,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a transformative tool in virology, offering new opportunities for the detection, classification, and surveillance of viral pathogens. Recent advances in machine learning, deep neural networks, and multimodal data analysis now enable the identification of viral signatures from genomic sequences, medical images, environmental samples, and social-media-derived epidemiological signals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art AI methodologies applied to viral pathogen research, with a particular focus on image-based diagnostics, automated quality assessment of virology-related digital content, and predictive modelling for outbreak monitoring. We discuss how convolutional and transformer-based architectures are being used to classify infected tissues, detect viral particles, and support laboratory workflows. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging role of AI in evaluating the reliability of user-generated images and short videos related to infectious diseases, an area increasingly relevant in the age of misinformation. Challenges such as dataset bias, limited annotated virological images, ethical concerns, and the need for standardized quality-assessment pipelines are critically examined. Finally, we outline future research directions, including hybrid AI\u2013biological models, AI-supported viral surveillance in healthcare environments, and the integration of explainable AI to enhance clinical trust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1784544242000},"page":"761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-Driven Approaches for the Detection, Classification, and Surveillance of Viral Pathogens: Current Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9828-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hathem","family":"Khelil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics and Its Applications (LIAM), Mohamed Boudiaf University, M\u2019sila 28000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Via T. De Amicis, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni N.","family":"Roviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Via T. De Amicis, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veag011","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag011","article-title":"Evolution and viral properties of the SARS-CoV-2 BA. 3.2 subvariant","volume":"12","author":"Jule","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00081-26","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00081-26","article-title":"Comparison of Ebola virus infection routes and resulting disease in animal models","volume":"100","author":"Gathright","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3204.251206","article-title":"Evaluation of Effectiveness of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps for Preventing Zika Virus Infection, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"32","author":"Madewell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerg. 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