{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:03:40Z","timestamp":1785420220934,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010189","name":"Tamaulipas Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COTACYT\/DFI\/015\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COTACYT\/DFI\/015\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["COTACYT\/DFI\/015\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COTACYT\/DFI\/015\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jxy9t12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhipicephalus microplus ticks harm cattle health and productivity. Frequent use of ixodicides can result in resistant tick populations and environmental contamination, as residues enter soil. Nematophagous (NF) and entomopathogenic fungi (EF) are natural enemies of nematodes and insect pests. This study tested the in vitro lethal effects of liquid culture filtrates (LCFs) from selected NF on R. microplus. Fungi were grown in Czapek-Dox broth for 30 days at room temperature to obtain LCFs, which were tested using the immersion method. Experimental groups included: (1) Arthrobotrys musiformis, (2) Purpureocillium lilacinum, (3) Flavocillium subprimulinum, (4) Lecanicillium psalliotae, (5) ixodicide mixture (permethrin and chlorpyrifos), (6) negative control (water), and (7) negative control (Czapek-Dox broth). Differences in tick mortality among filtrate treatments starting on day 10 were observed. Filtrates from L. psalliotae and A. musiformis caused the highest mortality, with A. musiformis reaching 40% and L. psalliotae 33.3% on days 14, 16, and 18 (p &lt; 0.01). We anticipated that combining ixodicides would lead to substantial tick mortality; however, the ixodicidal compounds (chlorpyrifos and permethrin) resulted in 33.3% mortality by day 18, which was similar to that observed for L. psalliotae during the same period. Filtrates from P. lilacinum and F. subprimulinum had no effect. The ixodicide treatment led to a significant reduction in oviposition, averaging 69.8% (p &lt; 0.05). LCFs of selected NF could be used against either nematodes or R. microplus ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15070772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1784717308000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acaricidal Activity of Liquid Culture Filtrates from Nematophagous Fungi Against Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Guadalupe","family":"Barr\u00f3n-Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Regional Noreste, Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, Carretera Tampico-Mante Km 55, Villa Cuauht\u00e9moc, Altamira 89610, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mendoza-de Gives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 52556, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Andr\u00e9s","family":"\u00c1ngel-Sahag\u00fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, DICIVA, CIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Avil\u00e9s-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Regional Noreste, Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, Carretera Tampico-Mante Km 55, Villa Cuauht\u00e9moc, Altamira 89610, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n D.","family":"Garza-Cedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campo Experimental R\u00edo Bravo, CIRNE-INIFAP, R\u00edo Bravo 88900, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Arispe-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campo Experimental Iguala, CIRPAS, INIFAP, Iguala 40000, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Patishtan-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Regional Noreste, Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, Carretera Tampico-Mante Km 55, Villa Cuauht\u00e9moc, Altamira 89610, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 52556, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strydom, T., Lavan, P.R., Torres, S., and Heaney, K. (2023). The economic impact of parasitism from nematodes, trematodes, and ticks on beef cattle production. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101599"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"15486","article-title":"Controle fitoter\u00e1pico y f\u00fangico de parasitoses na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de rumiantes","volume":"9","author":"Viana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obaid, M.K., Islam, N., Alouffi, A., Khan, A.Z., da Silva Vaz, I., Tanaka, T., and Ali, A. (2022). Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.941831"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100410","article-title":"A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/aen.12450","article-title":"Evaluation of the attraction, lethal and sublethal effects of the faeces of ivermectin-treated cattle on the dung beetle Digitonthophagus gazella (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Showler, T.A., and Saelao, P. (2022). Integrative alternative tactics for ixodid control. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13030302"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.22319\/rmcp.v8i1.4305","article-title":"Potential economic impact assessment for cattle parasites in Mexico. Review","volume":"8","author":"Grisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cien Pecum"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1944.12017535","article-title":"Three hyphomycetes that capture nematodes in adhesive networks","volume":"36","author":"Drechsler","year":"1944","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"34","article-title":"Predaceous Activity and Efficacy of Nematophagous Fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora) on the Larva of Common Housefly (Musca domestica) In-Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Calub","year":"2014","journal-title":"NVSU Res. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2020.101004","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization, predatory behaviour and effect of organic extracts of four nematophagous fungi from Mexico","volume":"49","author":"Zamilpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fun Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Mendoza-de Gives, P., Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez, A., L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E., Bautista-Garc\u00eda, G.A., Ocampo-Guti\u00e9rrez, A.Y., von Son de Fernez, E., Alonso-D\u00edaz, M.A., Delgado-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, E.J., and Paz-Silva, A. (2024). First Record of Flavocillium subprimulinum (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) in Mexico: Morphological and Molecular Characterisation, Nematocidal Activity of Its Liquid Culture Filtrates against Haemonchus contortus and Protease Activity. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10010056"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2017.8479","article-title":"Interaction and activity of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"11","author":"Aguiar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2013.789481","article-title":"Interaction of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on Amblyomma cajannense engorged females and enzymatic characterisation of its chitinase","volume":"23","author":"Braga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocon Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Paecilomyces lilacinus against the immature stages of Musca domestica L.","volume":"11","author":"Burhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1944.12017561","article-title":"A species of Arthrobotrys that captures springtails","volume":"36","author":"Drechsler","year":"1944","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Barron, G.L. (1977). The Nematode Destroying-Fungi. Topics in Mycobiology, CABI."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1937.12017222","article-title":"Some hyphomycetes that prey on free-living terricolous nematodes","volume":"29","author":"Drechsler","year":"1937","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"61","article-title":"Taxonomy of the Dactylaria complex, V. A review of Arthrobotrys and allied genera","volume":"26","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.348.2.4","article-title":"Lecanicillium subprimulinum (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), a novel species from Baoshan, Yunnan","volume":"348","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-020-00457-3","article-title":"Multigene phylogeny of the family Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales): New taxa and the new systematic position of the Chinese cordycipitoid fungus Paecilomyces hepiali","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K.Q., and Hyde, K.D. (2014). Nematode-trapping fungi. Fungal Diversity Series, Springer Science & Business.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8730-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Mendoza-de Gives, P., Alonso-D\u00edaz, M.\u00c1., von Son-de Fernex, E., Paz-Silva, A., L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E., and Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez, A. (2024). Lecanicillium psalliotae (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Exerts Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects against the Sheep Blood-Feeding Nematode Haemonchus contortus through Its Liquid Culture Filtrates. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070588"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Medina, E., Mendoza-de Gives, P., P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Colinas-Picazo, A., Bautista-Garc\u00eda, G.A., Alonso-D\u00edaz, M.\u00c1., von Son de Fermex, E., and L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E. (2024). Arthrobotrys mendozadegivensis sp. nov. (Fungi: Orbiliales) from Mexico: Predatory Activity and Nematocidal Activity of Its Liquid Culture Filtrates Against Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10120888"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balanzar-Aguilera, M.S., Guti\u00e9rrez-Medina, E., P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Delgado-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, E.J., L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E., Ocampo-Guti\u00e9rrez, A.Y., and Mendoza-de Gives, P. (2025). Infective Larvae of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) Are Captured and Destroyed by Nematode-Trapping Fungi Dactylellina spp. (Fungi: Orbiliales). Parasitologia, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia5020026"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda (INEGI) (2010). Compendio de Informaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica Municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos: Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, INEGI. Clave Geoestad\u00edstica 28037."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"115","article-title":"Effect of coumaphos on Rhipicephalus microplus and entomopathogenic nematodes in cattle production units","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agro Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/66.1.130","article-title":"Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: Laboratory tests of insecticides","volume":"66","author":"Drummond","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Econom. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(Statgraphics Software, 2017). Statgraphics Software, version 18."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.159","article-title":"Pathogens and predators of ticks and their potential in biological control","volume":"44","author":"Samish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"51","article-title":"A review: An insight into the potential of biological control of ticks in domestic and wild animals","volume":"5","author":"Jamil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abasyn J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08291-1","article-title":"Microbial agents for the control of ticks Rhipicephalus microplus","volume":"123","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1139\/b90-090","article-title":"A new predatory hyphomycete capturing copepods","volume":"68","author":"Barron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"55","article-title":"A light and electron microscope study on Arthrobotrys entomopaga capturing springtails","volume":"62","author":"Saikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ. Div. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"727","article-title":"In vitro activity of the Nematophagous Fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ticks","volume":"4","author":"Hiura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2025.105755","article-title":"Biological control of the tick Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) using the fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum alone and in association with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"205","author":"Moura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bio Cont."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0410-x","article-title":"Biological control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus by different strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium psalliotae fungi","volume":"100","author":"Haddadzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"51","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of anti-tick activity of entomopathogenic fungi against Rhipicephalus microplus","volume":"67","author":"Jamra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi Fusarium beomiforme against Rhipicephalus microplus Tick Infestation in Cattle","volume":"59","author":"Pratibha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3018-3","article-title":"Nomuraea rileyi as biological control agents of Rhipicephalus microplus tick","volume":"111","author":"Perinotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyczko, D., Plewa-Tutaj, K., and Kiewra, D. (2024). Entomopathogenic Fungi in Forest Habitats of Ixodes ricinus. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050341"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"127","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro effect of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on eggs and larvae of Amblyomma cajennense","volume":"8","author":"Souza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2019.107230","article-title":"Use of Metarhizum aniopliae sl to control soil-dwelling longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"166","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadaan, M.A., Khattak, B., Riaz, A., Hussain, M., Khan, M.J., Fozia, F., Iftikhar, A., Ahmad, I., Khan, M.F., and Baabbad, A. (2023). Biological Control of Hyalomma Ticks in Cattle by Fungal Isolates. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10120684"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colinas-Picazo, A., Mendoza-de Gives, P., P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Guti\u00e9rrez-Medina, E., Bautista-Garc\u00eda, G.A., Delgado-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, E.J., and Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez, A. (2024). Assessing the In Vitro Individual and Combined Effect of Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. musiformis (Orbiliales) Liquid Culture Filtrates against Infective Larvae of the Sheep Blood-Feeding Nematode Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae). Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1103.v1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.007","article-title":"An integrative approach to understanding pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and R. decoloratus ticks","volume":"7","author":"Wyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahium, S.M., Abdel-Baki, A.A.S., Gadelhaq, S.M., Aboelhadid, S.M., Mahran, H.A., Al-Quraishy, S., and Kamel, A.A. (2024). Toxicity of common acaricides, disinfectants, and natural compounds against eggs of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100824"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2463","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.2463","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n in vitro de cinco ixodicidas contra Rhipicephalus microplus en Catacamas, Olancho, Honduras","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, M., Sajid, M.S., Rajput, N.A., George, D.R., Usman, M., Zeeshan, M., Iqbal, O., Bhutto, B., Atiq, M., and Rizwan, H.M. (2024). Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Acaricides: Challenges, Opportunities and Prospects for Sustainable Tick Control. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15121017"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2026, July 19). Medicamentos: Proceso de Registro en M\u00e9xico. Salud ANCE Connect 2025. Revised 15 July 2026. Available online: https:\/\/salud.ance-connect.org\/medicamentos-proceso-de-registro-en-mexico\/."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/7\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:15:44Z","timestamp":1784718944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/7\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15070772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15070772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}