{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:04:45Z","timestamp":1785247485555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium in the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.), has emerged as a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. It is known to possess diverse virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance, making it a critical priority pathogen on the World Health Organization\u2019s 2024 Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is currently endemic across several continents, with global carbapenem resistance exceeding 70% in healthcare settings and multidrug-resistant infections being associated with alarming mortality rates. This review comprehensively discusses the molecular underpinnings of A. baumannii pathogenesis and virulence, detailing the array of factors coordinated by complex regulatory networks. The convergence of this pathogen\u2019s virulence and antimicrobial resistance traits, resulting in multidrug resistance, leaves clinicians with only a handful of therapeutic options. The review also discusses upcoming therapeutic strategies, including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, monoclonal antibodies, photodynamic therapy, and vaccine candidates in the pipeline. While emerging therapeutics show promise, several challenges remain, and integrated approaches are warranted to efficiently combat A. baumannii\u2019s virulence and resistance armamentarium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15080798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:07:33Z","timestamp":1785244053000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter\u00a0baumannii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1412-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priya","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, ICMR\u2014National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rameshkumar","family":"Marimuthu Ragavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7859-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renuka","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The American College, Madurai 625002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bindu","family":"Dhanapal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600044, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mullai","family":"Venkatachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Diagnostics & Labs, Chennai 600006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeevarahini","family":"Reghupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, ICMR\u2014National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5805-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Vignesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, I., Vasileiou, E., Pana, Z.D., and Tragiannidis, A. 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