{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1785775737836,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 Yunnan Provincial Major Science and Technology Project-Development of Veterinary Drugs for Resisting Diarrhea in Livestock and Poultry","award":["202302AA310020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302AA310020"]}]},{"name":"effect of the Mx GTPase from L. ridibundus on the antiviral activity of type I interferon","award":["202001AT070119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202001AT070119"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology","award":["202449CE340019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202449CE340019"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Joint International R&D Center for Veterinary Public Health","award":["202403AP140033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403AP140033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important avian pathogen that can circulate in migratory birds, including Larus ridibundus. This study examined the transcriptional responses and anti-NDV activities associated with recombinant IFN-\u03b1 and Mx proteins from L. ridibundus. The IFN-\u03b1 and Mx open reading frames were cloned (GenBank: OP263971 and OP263970), expressed using a pET32a(+)\/E. coli system, and assessed using chicken embryos, DF-1 cells, and primary gull lymphocytes. qRT-PCR analysis showed that NDV infection increased IFN-\u03b1 and Mx transcript abundance in gull lymphocytes, with peak levels at 48 h post-infection (p &lt; 0.01). In chicken embryos, recombinant IFN-\u03b1 was associated with higher embryo survival and lower NDV NP transcript abundance than recombinant Mx under the tested conditions. In DF-1 cells and primary gull lymphocytes, 0.25 mg\/mL recombinant IFN-\u03b1 was associated with reduced NDV NP transcript abundance, and morphological inspection suggested less severe cytopathic effects in DF-1 cells. IFN-\u03b1 treatment was also accompanied by lower transcription of TLR7, MyD88, IRF7, and Mx compared with the NDV group at 48 h. These data support a role for gull IFN-\u03b1 in limiting NDV-associated transcriptional responses in vitro, while further protein-level and infectious-virus assays are required to define the underlying mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15080818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro and Embryonic Evaluation of Recombinant Larus ridibundus IFN-\u03b1 and Mx Proteins Against Newcastle Disease Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxia","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxiu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2013.853867","article-title":"Inactivation of the infectivity of two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and a virulent Newcastle disease virus by ultraviolet radiation","volume":"42","author":"Sutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.08.021","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterization and virulence of two Newcastle disease viruses isolated from wild birds in China","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. 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