{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:44:34Z","timestamp":1785930274386,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PI22\/00258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00258"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PI22\/00023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00023"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PI23\/01065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01065"]}]},{"award":["PI22\/00258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00258"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PI22\/00023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PI23\/01065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01065"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review examines the viral quasispecies concept and its implications for understanding viral evolution, pathogenesis, and the development of effective antiviral therapies. Quasispecies are dynamic populations of closely related but genetically distinct viral genomes, which evolve under mutation and Darwinian selection. Notably, minority variants, often dismissed as \u201cgenetic noise\u201d, may harbor significant biological differences\u2014such as drug resistance\u2014and become dominant under changing selective pressures. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become an indispensable tool for characterizing genetic diversity within quasispecies, enabling detection and quantitative analysis of minority variants often missed by conventional Sanger sequencing, as well as the calculation of diversity indices. We highlight two NGS-based studies of hepatitis B virus quasispecies as illustrative examples of the relevance of minority variants in antiviral resistance and clinical outcomes. These studies also exemplify transcomplementation, whereby defective viral genomes can be replicated and packaged through functional proteins provided by co-infecting variants. Finally, we discuss how the quasispecies concept may extend beyond viruses, with parallels in biological systems such as the adaptive immune system and tumor cell populations. Recognizing quasispecies as dynamic evolving populations rather than static entities is crucial for developing successful strategies to address infectious diseases and other complex biological challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15080824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1785926502000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Basic Concepts of Viral Quasispecies: From Evolutionary Dynamics to Clinical Relevance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fr\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ra\u00fal","family":"Oubi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina"},{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1146-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tabernero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron (IIS IR-HUVH), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Microbiology Department, VHIR, IIS IR-HUVH, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Microbiology Department, VHIR, IIS IR-HUVH, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron (IIS IR-HUVH), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0732-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Buti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, VHIR, IIS IR-HUVH, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariadna","family":"Rando-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Microbiology Department, VHIR, IIS IR-HUVH, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Virology Section, Microbiology Department, VHIR, IIS IR-HUVH, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0014-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Quer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de 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