{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:05:03Z","timestamp":1786122303342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2400701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005906","name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023TD30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"earmarked fund for CARS","award":["CARS-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-49"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial disease is a major constraint on Magallana gigas larval production, yet hatchery microbiology has been characterised almost exclusively through the lens of Vibrio, and rarely across the whole production chain. We tracked bacterial communities throughout an entire larval rearing cycle at a commercial hatchery in northern China. A total of 78 samples were collected from the full production chain, from water intake to larvae. Bacterial communities were characterised using 16S rRNA (V4\u2013V5) amplicon sequencing and culture-based isolation, with larvae sampled from three replicate tanks at six developmental stages. A protracted mortality event began at the D-veliger stage, with cumulative losses of roughly 40% before sinking ceased; ostreid herpesvirus 1 was not detected. The only taxon that rose above its healthy baseline during larval mortality was a single undescribed a single undescribed amplicon sequence variant (ASV) of the family Cryomorphaceae. Its relative abundance increased to a mean of 41% (with a tank-to-tank range of 33.7\u201351.6%) before disappearing once the mortality event concluded. No described species exceeds 92.2% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to it, whereas its closest environmental relatives (97\u201398%) are, without exception, uncultured bacteria associated with marine invertebrates. It was an order of magnitude more abundant in larvae than in the surrounding water. Vibrio rose transiently at the onset of mortality but fell below its healthy-stage abundance while larvae were still dying. Tenacibaculum, by contrast, was the dominant genus of the rearing water yet was never recovered on Vibrio-selective medium and showed no association with mortality. Chlorination of the feed-room supply removed Tenacibaculum while leaving Vibrio uncontrolled. These findings reveal the limitations of the Vibrio-targeted, culture-based paradigm that has long dominated hatchery microbiology, as it overlooks both prevailing water-column organisms and mortality-linked taxa. Our results highlight the need for whole-community, culture-independent surveillance to better understand larval disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15080830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:14:28Z","timestamp":1786094068000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Communities Across the Production Chain of a Pacific Oyster (Magallana gigas) Hatchery During a Larval Mortality Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Safety, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8216-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Changdao 265800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zu-De","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changdao Marine Ecological Civilization Comprehensive Experimental Area Marine Economy Promotion Center, Changdao 265899, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7136-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong-Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5476-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Ming","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Oyster Seed Industry, Qingdao 266105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2023). Global Aquaculture Production 1950\u20132021 (FishStatJ), FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genard, B., Miner, P., Nicolas, J.-L., Moraga, D., Boudry, P., Pernet, F., and Tremblay, R. (2013). Integrative Study of Physiological Changes Associated with Bacterial Infection in Pacific Oyster Larvae. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064534"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01982","article-title":"Re-Emergence of Vibrio tubiashii in Bivalve Shellfish Aquaculture: Severity, Environmental Drivers, Geographic Extent and Management","volume":"82","author":"Elston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736667","article-title":"Effect of Larval Density on Growth and Survival of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas in a Recirculation Aquaculture System","volume":"540","author":"Langdon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741613","article-title":"Triploid Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Display High Susceptibility to Microbial Infections but Only During Early Ontogenetic Stages","volume":"595","author":"Brianik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.-D., Huang, B.-W., Zhang, X., Liu, C.-F., Xin, L.-S., Wang, C.-M., and Bai, C.-M. (2023). The Probiotic Bacillus hwajinpoensis Colonizes the Digestive System of Crassostrea gigas Larvae and Protects Them from Vibrio alginolyticus Infection. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122918"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"156","article-title":"Analysis of bacterial community and identification of pathogenic bacteria in the diseased clam larvae of Meretrix petechialis","volume":"47","author":"Sui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fish. China"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubert, J., Barja, J.L., and Romalde, J.L. (2017). New Insights into Pathogenic Vibrios Affecting Bivalves in Hatcheries: Present and Future Prospects. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00762"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04923-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04923-22","article-title":"Characterization of Vibrio mediterranei Isolates as Causative Agents of Vibriosis in Marine Bivalves","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-026-6309-5","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio crassostreae S2 Associated with Mass Mortality in Manila Clams Ruditapes philippinarum","volume":"25","author":"Mu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, R., Miranda, C.D., Romero, J., Barja, J.L., and Dubert, J. (2019). Isolation and Pathogenic Characterization of Vibrio bivalvicida Associated with a Massive Larval Mortality Event in a Commercial Hatchery of Scallop Argopecten purpuratus in Chile. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00855"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(81)90043-0","article-title":"Diagnosis of Vibriosis in a Commercial Oyster Hatchery Epizootic: Diagnostic Tools and Management Features","volume":"24","author":"Elston","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00008-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00008-21","article-title":"Bacteriophages against Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii: Isolation, Characterization, and Remediation of Larval Oyster Mortalities","volume":"87","author":"Richards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3354\/dao071255","article-title":"Tenacibaculosis Infection in Marine Fish Caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: A Review","volume":"71","author":"Toranzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.39.100185.001541","article-title":"Measurement of in Situ Activities of Nonphotosynthetic Microorganisms in Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats","volume":"39","author":"Staley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-022-10178-0","article-title":"Changes in Bacterial Communities of Kumamoto Oyster Larvae During Their Early Development and Following Vibrio Infection Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-021-00376-z","article-title":"Coupled Microbiome Analyses Highlights Relative Functional Roles of Bacteria in a Bivalve Hatchery","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12270","article-title":"Changes in the Composition and Diversity of the Bacterial Microbiota Associated with Oysters (Crassostrea corteziensis, Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea sikamea) during Commercial Production","volume":"88","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0183-6","article-title":"Dynamics of Seawater Bacterial Communities in a Shellfish Hatchery","volume":"66","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02156-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02156-17","article-title":"Environmental Controls of Oyster-Pathogenic Vibrio spp. in Oregon Estuaries and a Shellfish Hatchery","volume":"84","author":"Gradoville","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12579","article-title":"Pathogenic Threats and Probiotic Use in Larviculture of the Scallop, Pecten maximus","volume":"47","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735955","article-title":"Comparing Larval Microbiomes of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Raised in Different Hatcheries","volume":"531","author":"Arfken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.07.020","article-title":"Establishment of Microbiota in Larval Culture of Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas","volume":"464","author":"Asmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Lin, F., Fang, J., Fang, J., Li, J., and Du, M. (2018). Bivalve Production in China. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96776-9_4"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1242-9","article-title":"Simulated Marine Heat Wave Alters Abundance and Structure of Vibrio Populations Associated with the Pacific Oyster Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event","volume":"77","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Huang, B.-W., Zheng, Y.-D., Xin, L.-S., Chen, W.-B., Yu, T., Li, C., Wang, C.-M., and Bai, C.-M. (2023). Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060759"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.09.003","article-title":"Comparison of Two Real-Time PCR Methods for Detection of Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas","volume":"170","author":"Martenot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.83","article-title":"EasyAmplicon: An Easy-to-use, Open-source, Reproducible, and Community-based Pipeline for Amplicon Data Analysis in Microbiome Research","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A Versatile Open Source Tool for Metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: Highly Accurate OTU Sequences from Microbial Amplicon Reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgar, R.C. (2016). UNOISE2: Improved Error-Correction for Illumina 16S and ITS Amplicon Sequencing. BioRxiv, 081257.","DOI":"10.1101\/081257"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","article-title":"Ribosomal Database Project: Data and Tools for High Throughput rRNA Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salter, S.J., Cox, M.J., Turek, E.M., Calus, S.T., Cookson, W.O., Moffatt, M.F., Turner, P., Parkhill, J., Loman, N.J., and Walker, A.W. (2014). Reagent and Laboratory Contamination Can Critically Impact Sequence-Based Microbiome Analyses. BMC Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3330","article-title":"Uniting the Classification of Cultured and Uncultured Bacteria and Archaea Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequences","volume":"12","author":"Yarza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Oksanen, J. (2026, July 14). Vegan: Community Ecology Package, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313502495_Vegan_Community_Ecology_Package."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"LmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lenth, R. (2026, July 14). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means, Available online: https:\/\/rvlenth.github.io\/emmeans\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12419","article-title":"Rickettsiales-like Organisms in Bivalves and Marine Gastropods: A Review","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02553-0","article-title":"Algoriphagus ratkowskyi gen. nov., sp. nov., Brumimicrobium glaciale gen. nov., sp. nov., Cryomorpha ignava gen. nov., sp. nov. and Crocinitomix catalasitica gen. nov., sp. nov., Novel Flavobacteria Isolated from Various Polar Habitats","volume":"53","author":"Bowman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005498","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005498","article-title":"Parvicella tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov. (Parvicellaceae fam. nov., Flavobacteriales), First Cultured Representative of the Marine Clade UBA10066, and Lysobacter luteus sp. nov., from Activated Sludge of a Seawater-Processing Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"72","author":"Lucena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.188","article-title":"Down under the Tunic: Bacterial Biodiversity Hotspots and Widespread Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Coral Reef Ascidians","volume":"8","author":"Erwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME10135","article-title":"Diversity and Function of Epibiotic Microbial Communities on the Galatheid Crab, Shinkaia crosnieri","volume":"25","author":"Watsuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315409000459","article-title":"Molecular Investigations of the Stalked Barnacle Vulcanolepas osheai and the Epibiotic Bacteria from the Brothers Caldera, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand","volume":"89","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.105251","article-title":"In Situ Characterisation of Pathogen Dynamics during a Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome Episode","volume":"165","author":"Richard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.006","article-title":"Oysters and Vibrios as a Model for Disease Dynamics in Wild Animals","volume":"24","author":"Wegner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.60.130","article-title":"Involvement of Vibrio coralliilyticus and Other Vibrio Species in Mass Mortality of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Larvae in a Japanese Hatchery","volume":"60","author":"Nagai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.07.009","article-title":"Relative Contribution of Reproductive Investment, Thermal Stress and Vibrio Infection to Summer Mortality Phenomena in Pacific Oysters","volume":"412\u2013413","author":"Wendling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2005.01386.x","article-title":"Sources of Vibrio Bacteria in Mollusc Hatcheries and Control Methods: A Case Study","volume":"36","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000849","article-title":"Tenacibaculum ascidiaceicola sp. nov., Isolated from the Golden Sea Squirt Halocynthia aurantium","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gloor, G.B., Macklaim, J.M., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., and Egozcue, J.J. (2017). Microbiome Datasets Are Compositional: And This Is Not Optional. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02224"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001855","article-title":"An Evaluation of Thiomicrospira, Hydrogenovibrio and Thioalkalimicrobium: Reclassification of Four Species of Thiomicrospira to Each Thiomicrorhabdus gen. nov. and Hydrogenovibrio, and Reclassification of All Four Species of Thioalkalimicrobium to Thiomicrospira","volume":"67","author":"Boden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.07.052","article-title":"Understanding Bacterial Communities for Informed Biosecurity and Improved Larval Survival in Pacific Oysters","volume":"497","author":"Laroche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03521","article-title":"Bacterial Community Shift Drives Antibiotic Resistance Promotion during Drinking Water Chlorination","volume":"49","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/8\/830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:26:31Z","timestamp":1786094791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/8\/830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15080830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15080830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}