{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:14:21Z","timestamp":1787238861702,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Polish National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MINIATURA 7: DEC-2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MINIATURA 7: DEC-2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MINIATURA 7: DEC-2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MINIATURA 7: DEC-2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish AIDS Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Conventional cardiovascular risk scores do not directly characterize immune checkpoint-expression phenotypes in people with HIV. We examined patient-level alignment between SCORE2 and PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint expression in a secondary analysis of a previously characterized parent cohort. Methods: Data from 100 PWH followed at a single HIV center were analyzed. SCORE2, lipid parameters, systolic blood pressure, CD4+\/CD8+ ratio, and flow-cytometric PD-1\/PD-L1 expression on T-cell, B-cell, and NK-cell subsets were assessed at baseline and after 12 months. Composite immune-exhaustion indices were derived from standardized checkpoint-marker values. Discordance profiles were defined using quartile thresholds for endpoint SCORE2 and immune exhaustion. Results: Smokers had higher endpoint SCORE2 than nonsmokers (median 3.5% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.001), but smoking was not associated with higher composite or individual checkpoint-defined exhaustion. Endpoint SCORE2 correlated with classical cardiovascular variables but not with the composite exhaustion index (\u03c1 = 0.075; p = 0.468) or individual PD-1\/PD-L1 markers. Discordant cardiovascular\u2013immune profiles were observed in 10 of 96 evaluable participants (10.4%). Conclusions: SCORE2 and PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint-expression profiles showed limited contemporaneous alignment in this cohort. The identified discordant profiles are exploratory and require external validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15080871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patient-Level Discordance Between SCORE2 Cardiovascular Risk and PD-1\/PD-L1 Checkpoint-Expression Profiles in People Living with HIV: A Secondary Cohort Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogusz","family":"Aksak-W\u0105s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3430-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1503-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Cembrowska-Lech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Parczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5986-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Immunology and Immunobiology in Infectious Diseases and Cancer, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Serwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Mielczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franciszek","family":"Lenkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Rafalska-Kosior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lesiewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Immunology and Immunobiology in Infectious Diseases and Cancer, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Regional Center for Digital Medicine, Department of Genomics and Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13391","article-title":"Immune Restoration Affects 10-Year Survival in People Living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"24","author":"Kowalska","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksak-W\u0105s, B.J., Urba\u0144ska, A., Scheibe, K., Serwin, K., Leszczyszyn-Pynka, M., Rafalska-Kosior, M., Go\u0142\u0105b, J., Chober, D., and Parczewski, M. 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