{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:20:18Z","timestamp":1787804418310,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory RNA viruses extensively reprogram host regulatory networks, thereby influencing viral replication, immune evasion, and disease severity. This review examines microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulatory interfaces in host\u2013virus interactions, focusing on influenza A virus as a paradigmatic model while integrating evidence from other respiratory RNA viruses as SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus. After outlining canonical miRNA biogenesis and its manipulation during infection, we discuss how respiratory RNA viruses converge on shared miRNA-regulated pathways, including interferon and NF-\u03baB signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, cellular metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Within these networks, host miRNAs can directly target viral RNAs and modulate antiviral defenses and inflammation, whereas viruses can reshape miRNA expression to facilitate replication, influencing immunopathology. The possibility that RNA viruses encode authentic miRNAs is also critically evaluated; current evidence indicates that manipulating host miRNA biogenesis machinery and remodeling miRNA networks are more prevalent than producing canonical viral miRNAs. Finally, the potential of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is considered, as well as the capability of miRNA mimics and antagomiRs to function as host-directed therapeutic strategies. Their clinical translation, however, will require standardized validation, cell- and time-resolved studies, efficient delivery systems, and a careful assessment of specificity, safety, and context-dependent effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15090889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:04:30Z","timestamp":1787648670000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Role of microRNA in Host\u2013Influenza A and Other Respiratory RNA Virus Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8377-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Prezioso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Sciences and Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Frezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Sciences and Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8417-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Aquaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 1, Blocco 11, Coppito, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4427-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Nencioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annaluisa","family":"Mariconda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Amantea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stefania","family":"Sinicropi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Checconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Sciences and Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1894","article-title":"The Role of MicroRNAs in Respiratory Viral Infection: Friend or Foe?","volume":"26","author":"Tahamtan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. 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