{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:24:22Z","timestamp":1787649862846,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARS NACA 58-8064-2-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS NACA 58-8064-2-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ARS NACA 58-8064-2-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS NACA 58-8064-2-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01na82s61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant losses for livestock farmers in affected countries and regions, including Southeast Asia, where several countries are progressing through different stages of the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) under diverse resource settings. The PCP, developed by the World Organization for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, is an outcome-oriented strategy designed to support progress toward the elimination of FMD. In this review paper, we propose an evidence-based framework linking epidemiological tools to each PCP stage requirements based on studies conducted in eight Southeast Asian countries through peer-reviewed research and gray literature. The findings indicate that Stage 1 progression is supported through risk-factor analyses, seroprevalence studies, and participatory epidemiology, while Stage 2 relies on spatial analyses and evaluations of control strategies. Progression to Stage 3 requires evidence of active surveillance systems for rapid detection of new viral incursions, whereas later stages depend on risk assessment, sustained surveillance, and restricting transboundary animal movement. Regional challenges include underreporting, surveillance-system deficiencies, and inconsistent vaccination monitoring. The framework proposed herein provides a practical approach for aligning the generation of evidence with PCP requirements. Ultimately, strengthened regional collaboration that coordinates transboundary risk management is crucial for progress toward sustainable FMD control in Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15090893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:04:30Z","timestamp":1787648670000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Overview of Epidemiological Tools That Support the Progress of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control in Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5924-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umanga","family":"Gunasekera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pham Thanh","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vo Dinh","family":"Chuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7517-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Arzt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease\u2014What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?","volume":"112","author":"Rushton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). The Progressive Control Pathway for FMD Control (PCP-FMD). Available online: https:\/\/www.gf-tads.org\/resources\/publication-detail\/en\/c\/1152950\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.36.1.2634","article-title":"Working towards consensus: The need for coordinated policies to assist control of foot and mouth disease and emerging disease threats in South-East Asia","volume":"36","author":"Patrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.3.1346","article-title":"A review of the status of foot and mouth disease in South-East Asia and approaches to control and eradication","volume":"21","author":"Gleeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yano, T., Premashthira, S., Dejyong, T., Tangtrongsup, S., and Salman, M.D. (2018). The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008\u20132015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5040101"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-015-0436-y","article-title":"Food and biosecurity: Livestock production and towards a world free of foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"7","author":"Kompas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000578","article-title":"A history of FMD research and control programmes in Southeast Asia: Lessons from the past informing the future","volume":"147","author":"Blacksell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2025, September 22). FAFD-36.-SEACFMD-Roadmap-2021-2025.pdf. Available online: https:\/\/asean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/FAFD-36.-SEACFMD-Roadmap-2021-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105703","article-title":"A cost-benefit analysis of Vietnam\u2019s 2006\u20132010 foot-and-mouth disease control program","volume":"206","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1","article-title":"Narrative Reviews: Flexible, Rigorous, and Practical","volume":"14","author":"Sukhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunasekara, U., Bertram, M.R., Dung, D.H., Hoang, B.H., Phuong, N.T., Hung, V.V., Long, N.V., Minh, P.Q., Vu, L.T., and Dong, P.V. (2021). Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112203"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunasekara, U., Bertram, M.R., Van Long, N., Minh, P.Q., Chuong, V.D., Perez, A., Arzt, J., and VanderWaal, K. (2023). Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020388"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114217","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4114217","article-title":"Methods to Estimate the Between-Population Level Effective Reproductive Number for Infectious Disease Epidemics: Foot-And-Mouth Disease (FMD) in Vietnam","volume":"2024","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02113-8","article-title":"Risk factors of foot and mouth disease in an endemic area on low vaccination rate in Xayaboury province of Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)","volume":"52","author":"Souriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.11.003","article-title":"Phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus types O and A in Malaysia and surrounding countries","volume":"11","author":"Hussein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106946","article-title":"Striving for long term sustainability\u2014Is it time we changed our approach to animal health in low- and middle-income countries?","volume":"244","author":"MacPhillamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.03.010","article-title":"Evaluating the efficiency of participatory epidemiology to estimate the incidence and impacts of foot-and-mouth disease among livestock owners in Cambodia","volume":"123","author":"Bellet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14182","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder farmers on foot and mouth disease control in two Cambodian provinces","volume":"69","author":"Sieng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01330.x","article-title":"Assessment of financial impact of foot and mouth disease on smallholder cattle farmers in Southern Cambodia","volume":"60","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.12.008","article-title":"A capture-recapture analysis in a challenging environment: Assessing the epidemiological situation of foot-and-mouth disease in Cambodia","volume":"105","author":"Vergne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12292","article-title":"Benefit-Cost Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Large Ruminants in Cambodia","volume":"63","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.09.007","article-title":"Risk factors for emergence of exotic foot-and-mouth disease O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001d on smallholder farms in the Greater Mekong Subregion","volume":"159","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14031","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control","volume":"69","author":"MacPhillamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14303","article-title":"Livestock movement patterns in the main livestock production provinces of Lao PDR","volume":"69","author":"Subharat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14299","article-title":"Impact of risk-based partial vaccination on clinical incidence and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Lao PDR","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01099.x","article-title":"Limiting the Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease in Large Ruminants in Northern Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic by Vaccination: A Case Study","volume":"57","author":"Rast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01350.x","article-title":"Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR","volume":"60","author":"Nampanya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02734-y","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease using passive surveillance techniques in selected provinces of Lao PDR","volume":"53","author":"Douangngeun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105889","article-title":"Evaluating serological tests for foot-and-mouth disease while accounting for different serotypes and uncertain vaccination status","volume":"214","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2017.d204","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and associated risk factors in unvaccinated sheep and goats in Pyawbwe and Meikhtila townships of Myanmar","volume":"4","author":"Phyoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13397","article-title":"Estimating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence in central Myanmar: Comparison of village headman and farmer disease reports with serological findings","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12319","article-title":"Financial Impacts of Foot-and-Mouth Disease at Village and National Levels in Lao PDR","volume":"63","author":"Nampanya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polly, P., Bourgeois L\u00fcthi, N., Huachun, L., Naing Oo, K., Phonvisay, A., Premashthira, S., Abila, R., Widders, P., Kukreja, K., and Miller, C. (2015). Movement Pathways and Market Chains of Large Ruminants in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health).","DOI":"10.20506\/standz.2782"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedang, V.M.K., Permatasari, I., Chanchaidechachai, T., and Inchaisri, C. (2025). Spatial-temporal distribution and risk factors of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Java Island, Indonesia from 2022 to 2023. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04621-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.2469-2476","article-title":"Molecular characterization of VP1 gene during the foot and mouth disease virus outbreak in East Java, Indonesia, in 2022","volume":"17","author":"Dinana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105773","article-title":"Estimating the transmission parameters of foot-and-mouth disease in Vietnam: A spatial-dynamic kernel-based model with outbreak and host data","volume":"208","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0424-7","article-title":"Phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O\/PanAsia in Vietnam 2010\u20132014","volume":"48","author":"Brito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24870-6","article-title":"A traditional evolutionary history of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Southeast Asia challenged by analyses of non-structural protein coding sequences","volume":"8","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0226-x","article-title":"Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2007","volume":"45","author":"Ramanoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjkumpa, O., Yano, T., Prakotcheo, R., Sansamur, C., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2020). Epidemiology and National Surveillance System for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Thailand during 2008\u20132019. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030099"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.39.3.3181","article-title":"Development of an evaluation framework and assessment tools to assess the foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies and their implementation in the proposed FMD-free zone in Thailand","volume":"39","author":"Ketusing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106282","article-title":"A stochastic modeling study of quarantine strategies against foot-and-mouth disease risks through cattle trades across the Thailand-Myanmar border","volume":"230","author":"Wongnak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02452-x","article-title":"Estimating the number of farms experienced foot and mouth disease outbreaks using capture-recapture methods","volume":"53","author":"Sansamur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01225.x","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease control and eradication in the Bicol Surveillance Buffer Zone of the Philippines","volume":"58","author":"Windsor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.1114","article-title":"Qualitative risk analysis on likelihood of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) reintroduction in the Philippines through the importation of dairy cattle from FMD-free zones with vaccination in Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Tapdasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14754","article-title":"Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Thailand from 2011 to 2018","volume":"69","author":"Chanchaidechachai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.21","article-title":"Determination of risk factors for foot and mouth disease emergence in East Java, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Rehman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansamur, C., Arjkumpa, O., Charoenpanyanet, A., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2020). Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030512"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singanallur, N.B., Nampanya, S., MacPhillamy, I., Soukvilay, V., Keokhamphet, C., Bush, R.D., Khounsy, S., Dhand, N.K., Windsor, P., and Vosloo, W. (2020). Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infection in Goats in Lao PDR. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00544"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660421","article-title":"An intuitive Bayesian spatial model for disease mapping that accounts for scaling","volume":"25","author":"Riebler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab172","article-title":"Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105183","article-title":"Identification of risk areas for foot and mouth disease in Thailand using a geographic information system-based multi-criteria decision analysis","volume":"185","author":"Sangrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gee, E., Young, J.R., Khounsy, S., Phommachanh, P., Christensen, P., Theppangna, W., Hughes, T., Brownlie, T., Temmerath, A., and Inthavong, A. (2024). Investigation of the association between foot-and-mouth disease clinical signs and abattoir serological data in large ruminants in northern Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1392885"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjkumpa, O., Sansamur, C., Sutthipankul, P., Inchaisri, C., Na Lampang, K., Charoenpanyanet, A., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2020). Spatiotemporal analyses of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle farms in Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Thailand. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02392-6"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13370","article-title":"Temporal patterns and space-time cluster analysis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) cases from 2007 to 2017 in Vietnam","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punyapornwithaya, V., Mishra, P., Sansamur, C., Pfeiffer, D., Arjkumpa, O., Prakotcheo, R., Damrongwatanapokin, T., and Jampachaisri, K. (2022). Time-Series Analysis for the Number of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Episodes in Cattle Farms in Thailand Using Data from 2010\u20132020. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071367"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105706","article-title":"Exploring the predictive capability of machine learning models in identifying foot and mouth disease outbreak occurrences in cattle farms in an endemic setting of Thailand","volume":"207","author":"Punyapornwithaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13329","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of national-scale data to estimate the local risk of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic regions","volume":"67","author":"Zaari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0760-4","article-title":"Seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in the southern provinces of Cambodia","volume":"47","author":"Tum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12403","article-title":"An Integrative Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carriers in Vietnam Achieved Through Targeted Surveillance and Molecular Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Pauszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ma, G., Zhang, Z., Nie, D., and Luo, P. (2021). Method for Preparing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines. (Application 16\/467,058), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114676","article-title":"Development of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA for rapidly quantitative detection of residual non-structural proteins in inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines","volume":"314","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10081-0","article-title":"Identification of three linear B cell epitopes against non-structural protein 3ABC of FMDV using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonyayatra, S., Wang, Y., Singhla, T., Kongsila, A., VanderWaal, K., and Wells, S.J. (2022). Analysis of dairy cattle movements in the northern region of Thailand. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.961696"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, L.T., Long, N.T., Brito, B., Stenfeldt, C., Phuong, N.T., Hoang, B.H., Pauszek, S.J., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., and Vu, P.P. (2017). First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O\/Ind-2001d in Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177361"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0090-y","article-title":"Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines","volume":"45","author":"Knowles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.099","article-title":"Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007\u20132012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East","volume":"35","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-76","article-title":"Multiple introductions of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses into East Asia in 2010\u20132011","volume":"44","author":"Timina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13112","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic serotype Asia 1 virus in Myanmar in 2017","volume":"66","author":"Bo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, V.P., Vu, T.T.H., Duong, H.-Q., Than, V.T., and Song, D. (2016). Evolutionary phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A circulating in Vietnam. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0896-0"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.03.010","article-title":"Phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus from outbreaks in southern Vietnam, 2019","volume":"582","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198166","article-title":"Evolution of antigenic and genetic characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A circulating in Thailand, 2007\u20132019","volume":"290","author":"Seeyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04763-8","article-title":"O\/SEA\/Mya-98 lineage foot-and-mouth disease virus was responsible for an extensive epidemic that occurred in late 2018 in Vietnam","volume":"165","author":"Ngoc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.033","article-title":"Molecular characterization of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2009","volume":"144","author":"Le","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12687","article-title":"Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015","volume":"65","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-024-05960-5","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease virus strains isolated in Vietnam during 2010-2019: Genetic characterization and antigenic relatedness to the Euro SA vaccine","volume":"169","author":"Taffarel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749966","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.749966","article-title":"Identification of the O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001e Sublineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Ryoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Y., Hu, H., Hao, Y., Huang, S., and Li, B. (2024). Common Methods for Phylogenetic Tree Construction and Their Implementation in R. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050480"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72246-6","article-title":"Early origin and global colonisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"10","author":"Aiewsakun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1889-1896","article-title":"Designing one-step reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus detection during the 2022 outbreak in East Java, Indonesia","volume":"16","author":"Aksono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13589","article-title":"Further development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and validation in the field with use of an internal positive control","volume":"67","author":"Bath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.04.027","article-title":"Development of one-step multiplex RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection and differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O, A, and Asia 1 circulating in Vietnam","volume":"175","author":"Le","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.11.028","article-title":"A rapid molecular strategy for early detection and characterization of Vietnamese foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O, A, and Asia 1","volume":"180","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114753","article-title":"Development of a real-time RT-PCR system applicable for rapid and pen-side diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease using a portable device, PicoGene\u00ae PCR1100","volume":"319","author":"Matsui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.23","article-title":"Sensitivity of specimen type for diagnosing foot-and-mouth diseases in cattle using one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (3D gene)","volume":"15","author":"Siswani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.5398\/tasj.2024.47.2.170","article-title":"Identification and Molecular Characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Based on VP1 Gene Fragments in Madura Cattle and Ongole Grade Cattle","volume":"47","author":"Sulistyaningrum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14317","article-title":"Contributions of village animal health workers to foot-and-mouth disease control in Cambodia","volume":"69","author":"Sieng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Knowledge of cattle farmers toward foot mouth disease in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi","volume":"30","author":"Lestari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.36.3.2720","article-title":"Criteria and indicators for foot and mouth disease control strategy decision-making in Asia-Oceania countries","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansamur, C., Wiratsudakul, A., Charoenpanyanet, A., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2020). Cattle Manure Trade Network Analysis and the Relevant Spatial Pathways in an Endemic Area of Foot and Mouth Disease in Northern Thailand. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030138"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13895","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Laos: Call for nationwide vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance","volume":"68","author":"Xaydalasouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.38.3.3017","article-title":"Biosecurity in endemic foot and mouth disease settings: A case study of foot and mouth disease vaccination in South-East Asia","volume":"38","author":"Mcfadden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12281","article-title":"Household Financial Status and Gender Perspectives in Determining the Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease in Lao PDR","volume":"63","author":"Nampanya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punyapornwithaya, V., Srisawang, S., Jainonthee, C., Li, W., Abila, R., and Purevsuren, B. (2025). Using online public animal price data as a signal for predicting an increase in animal disease outbreak reports: A pilot study on cross-correlation modeling in Thailand. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04888-5"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.5398\/tasj.2024.47.4.529","article-title":"Perceptions and Economic Losses of Foot and Mouth Disease to Beef Cattle Farmers in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta","volume":"47","author":"Putra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1825","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14517","article-title":"Socioeconomic impacts of clinical foot-and-mouth disease and a risk-based partial vaccination campaign for smallholders in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"69","author":"Wada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triatmojo, A., Guntoro, B., Strausz, P., Muzayyanah, M.A.U., Agustiar, R., and Kusza, S. (2025). Socioeconomic Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks on Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12060542"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409486","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2024.2409486","article-title":"Do dynamic capabilities, and entrepreneurial orientation promote farm resilience? Insights from indonesian beef-cattle farmers facing foot and mouth disease outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Hartono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.36.1.2627","article-title":"Economic assessment of an emerging disease: The case of Schmallenberg virus in France","volume":"36","author":"Alarcon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14207","article-title":"A cost-benefit analysis of foot and mouth disease control program for smallholder cattle farmers in Cambodia","volume":"69","author":"Sieng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanchaidechachai, T., Saatkamp, H., Inchaisri, C., and Hogeveen, H. (2022). Analysis of Epidemiological and Economic Impact of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Four District Areas in Thailand. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.904630"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106359","article-title":"One-size measures do not fit all areas: Evaluation of area-specific control of foot and mouth disease in Thailand using bioeconomic modelling","volume":"233","author":"Chanchaidechachai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106683","article-title":"Insights into the epidemiological characteristics, temporal changepoints, and space-time clusters of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in the SEACFMD region to support eradication efforts","volume":"245","author":"Punyapornwithaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siengsanan-Lamont, J., Theppangna, W., Phommachanh, P., Khounsy, S., Selleck, P.W., Matsumoto, N., Gleeson, L.J., and Blacksell, S.D. (2022). Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7050078"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jara, M., Frias-De-Diego, A., Dellicour, S., Baele, G., and Machado, G. (2019). Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics. bioRxiv, 590612.","DOI":"10.1101\/590612"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifuzzaman, M., Mun, H.-S., Ampode, K.M.B., Lagua, E.B., Park, H.-R., Kim, Y.-H., Hasan, M.K., and Yang, C.-J. (2024). Smart Pig Farming\u2014A Journey Ahead of Vietnam. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14040555"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12609","article-title":"Investigation of smallholder farmer biosecurity and implications for sustainable foot-and-mouth disease control in Cambodia","volume":"64","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, D.B., Binot, A., Peyre, M., Nguyen, N.H., Bertagnoli, S., and Goutard, F.L. (2017). A Q Method Approach to Evaluating Farmers\u2019 Perceptions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination in Vietnam. Front Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00095"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5398\/tasj.2025.48.1.83","article-title":"Evaluating Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccination Services through Assessment of Beef Cattle Farmers\u2019 Satisfaction in Sleman Regency","volume":"48","author":"Syihabuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106045","article-title":"Evaluation of foot and mouth disease control measures: Simulating two endemic areas of Thailand","volume":"220","author":"Chanchaidechachai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12190","article-title":"Development and validation of a 3ABC antibody ELISA in Australia for foot and mouth disease","volume":"92","author":"Colling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.86","article-title":"Effect of vaccine storage temperatures and dose rate on antibody responses to foot and mouth disease vaccination in Cambodia","volume":"4","author":"Sieng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auplish, A., Tra Vu, T.T., Pham Duc, P., Green, A.C., Tiwari, H., Housen, T., Stevenson, M., and Dhand, N. (2024). Investigating the workforce capacity and needs for animal disease surveillance and outbreak investigation: A mixed-methods study of veterinary services in Vietnam. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1410606"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., and Cohen, A.L. (2017). Infectious Disease Surveillance. Int. Encycl. Public Health, 222\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106663","article-title":"Probability of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1 in Southeast Asia, China and Mongolia","volume":"244","author":"Wada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.3.1839","article-title":"Foot and mouth disease in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: II. Seroprevalence estimates, using structured surveillance and surveys of abattoirs","volume":"27","author":"Blacksell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckle, K., Bueno, R., McFadden, A., van Andel, M., Spence, R., Hamill, C., Roe, W., Vallee, E., Castillo-Alcala, F., and Abila, R. (2021). Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.691308"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, L., Siengsanan-Lamont, J., Tum, S., Sanyakamdhorn, S., Selleck, P.W., Areerob, J., Young, J.R., Gleeson, L.J., and Blacksell, S.D. (2023). Foot-and-mouth disease Non-Structural Protein seropositivity in cattle and pigs in Cambodia. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2645969\/v1"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, L., Siengsanan-Lamont, J., Tum, S., Selleck, P.W., Areerob, J., Young, J.R., Gleeson, L.J., and Blacksell, S.D. (2025). Using Abattoir-Based Surveillance to Establish Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein Seropositivity in Cattle and Pigs in Cambodia. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15111624"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stenfeldt, C., and Arzt, J. (2020). The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030167"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fish, I., Stenfeldt, C., Spinard, E., Medina, G.N., Azzinaro, P.A., Bertram, M.R., Holinka, L., Smoliga, G.R., Hartwig, E.J., and de Los Santos, T. (2022). Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Interserotypic Recombination in Superinfected Carrier Cattle. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060644"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14423","article-title":"A model exploration of carrier and movement transmission as potential explanatory causes for the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic regions","volume":"69","author":"Gorsich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00276","article-title":"Extinction Dynamics of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier State Under Natural Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Bertram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0386","article-title":"The construction of next-generation matrices for compartmental epidemic models","volume":"7","author":"Diekmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gostic, K.M., McGough, L., Baskerville, E.B., Abbott, S., Joshi, K., Tedijanto, C., Kahn, R., Niehus, R., Hay, J.A., and Salazar, P.M.D. (2020). Practical considerations for measuring the effective reproductive number. Rt. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008409"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2009.02.019","article-title":"Is R0 a good predictor of final epidemic size: Foot-and-mouth disease in the UK","volume":"258","author":"Tildesley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjkumpa, O., Picasso-Risso, C., Perez, A., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2021). Subdistrict-Level Reproductive Number for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Northern Thailand. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.757132"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105468","article-title":"Spatial model of foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in an endemic area of Thailand","volume":"195","author":"Chanchaidechachai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.10.007","article-title":"The implementation of cattle market closure strategies to mitigate the foot-and-mouth disease epidemics: A contact modeling approach","volume":"121","author":"Wiratsudakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00604-1","article-title":"Selective isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from coinfected samples containing more than one serotype","volume":"52","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.K., Sharma, G.K., Mahajan, S., Dhama, K., Basagoudanavar, S.H., Hosamani, M., Sreenivasa, B.P., Chaicumpa, W., Gupta, V.K., and Sanyal, A. (2019). Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Immunobiology, Advances in Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies Addressing Vaccine Failures\u2014An Indian Perspective. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030090"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2307\/2389934","article-title":"Inferring Multiple Causality: The Limitations of Path Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Petraitis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh101","article-title":"Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker","volume":"159","author":"Pepe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"(2026, July 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.apcove.com.au\/."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"(2026, July 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/eufmd\/training\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"(2026, July 17). Available online: https:\/\/training.woah.org\/."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2026, July 17). Available online: https:\/\/progressvet.umn.edu\/."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/9\/893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:12:10Z","timestamp":1787649130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/9\/893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15090893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15090893","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}