{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:26:29Z","timestamp":1787851589459,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hospital environment is widely recognised as a source of microorganisms that collectively constitute the so-called \u201chospital microbiota\u201d. The aim of this study was to investigate this microbiota, providing as accurate a picture as possible of the actual level of environmental contamination within the hospital. We conducted a 2-year surveillance study in a large acute-care hospital to map the microbiological profiles of the various wards and identify areas requiring improvement. The analysis revealed substantial contamination of surfaces by ESKAPEE microorganisms, well-known causes of healthcare-associated infections. Near-patient surfaces and some critical items such as IV poles, medication carts, and infusion pumps, were found to be contaminated. Among wards, the highest level of contamination was found in the medical area, followed by emergency and surgical wards. A substantial amount of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms was detected, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The presence of these microorganisms on particularly critical surfaces and in critical wards poses a serious risk. Monitoring environmental contamination could help identify critical issues and assess the necessity of improving environmental disinfection protocols in addition to the well-known procedures for preventing healthcare-associated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15090904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterising the Hospital Microbiota: A Descriptive Study of Environmental Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0721-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Spada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Massara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppa","family":"Visalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adal Waqas","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital \u201cMaggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-7542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Sartelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Facciol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of the healthcare environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms: Update on current best practices for containment","volume":"2","author":"Chemaly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-L\u00f3pez, F., Mart\u00ednez-Mel\u00e9ndez, A., and Garza-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2023). How Does Hospital Microbiota Contribute to Healthcare-Associated Infections?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010192"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.T., Ribeiro-Almeida, M., Yaman, U., and Prata, J.C. (2025). Healthcare Facilities as an Emerging Source of Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective. 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