{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:22:12Z","timestamp":1788268932379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["131711\/2024-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131711\/2024-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409187\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409187\/2023-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310736\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310736\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["131711\/2024-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131711\/2024-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["409187\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409187\/2023-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["310736\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310736\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ 04640-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 04640-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-01487-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-01487-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-04686-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-04686-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["APQ 04640-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 04640-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nc55f03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["APQ-01487-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-01487-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nc55f03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["APQ-04686-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-04686-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nc55f03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal infections remain a major global health challenge because of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-associated persistence, and limited antiviral therapies. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, in vivo efficacy, and antiviral activities of Brazilian red propolis (BRP) and Brazilian green propolis from the \u201cCaatinga\u201d biome (BGP-C) against pathogens associated with neonatal infections. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution, whereas antibiofilm activity was assessed through biofilm biomass and metabolic activity inhibition and structural alterations were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In vivo efficacy was assessed in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, and antiviral activity was investigated against Zika virus (ZIKV, PE243 strain). Both extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 6.25\u2013400 \u00b5g\/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations of 25 to &gt;400 \u00b5g\/mL. MBIC50 and IC50 values ranged from 1.56\u2013400 \u00b5g\/mL and 0.64\u2013163 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Microscopy findings suggested reduced cell viability and compromised membrane integrity, together with biofilm disorganization. BRP consistently increased nematode survival across the infection models in which it was tested, whereas BGP-C showed no consistent protective effect. Under non-cytotoxic conditions, BRP and BGP-C reduced ZIKV infectivity by approximately 34% and 40%, respectively. These findings support the antimicrobial and antiviral potential of both extracts, while BRP demonstrated more consistent in vivo efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15090922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1788266478000},"page":"922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brazilian Propolis in the Context of Pathogens Associated with Neonatal Infections: An Antibacterial and Antiviral Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna Livia Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-315, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagela Bernadelli Sousa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-315, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8611-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Gomes","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-315, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Calefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-315, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6214-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Amaral Vieira","family":"D\u2019Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Research Laboratory (LAPAV), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9654-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha Marques","family":"Cassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Research Laboratory (LAPAV), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina Gomes","family":"Jardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Research Laboratory (LAPAV), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralciane de Paula","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-320, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Jos\u00e9 Barbosa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-320, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1063-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Hikaru","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5015-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Pena","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jairo Kenupp","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Henrique Gomes","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-315, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000543690","article-title":"Interventions to Prevent and Manage Infections in Pregnancy","volume":"122","author":"Yasin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raturi, A., and Chandran, S. (2024). Neonatal Sepsis: Aetiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Advances and Management Strategies. Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1177\/11795565241281337"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzialla, C. (2025). Microbial Infections and Antimicrobial Use in Neonates and Infants. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10030080"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004485","article-title":"Beyond Early- and Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis Definitions: What Are the Current Causes of Neonatal Sepsis Globally? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence","volume":"43","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa-Mangeret, F., Benski, A.C., Golaz, A., Zala, P.Z., Kyokan, M., Wagner, N., Muhe, L.M., and Pfister, R.E. (2022). 2.5 Million Annual Deaths-Are Neonates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Too Small to Be Seen? A Bottom-Up Overview on Neonatal Morbi-Mortality. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7050064"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2024.07.010","article-title":"Neonatal Sepsis: Epidemiology and Comparison between Preterm and Term Newborns","volume":"43","year":"2025","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Y Microbiol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2026, May 01). WHO SDG Target 3.2: End Preventable Deaths of Newborns and Children Under 5 Years of Age. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2016-who-statement-on-the-first-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr-2005)-emergency-committee-on-zika-virus-and-observed-increase-in-neurological-disorders-and-neonatal-malformations."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-10-e738","article-title":"Updates in Late-Onset Sepsis: Risk Assessment, Therapy, and Outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Coggins","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.13-2-e86","article-title":"Antibiotic Therapy and Early Onset Sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Falciglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, I., Menezes, R.P., Lopes, M.S.M., Araujo, L.B., Ferreira, D., and Roder, D. (2025). Epidemiology and Management of Infections in Critically Ill Neonates: Findings from a Cohort Study in a Brazilian Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. J. Med. Microbiol., 74.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001968"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, S.C.H., Ezure, Y., Rolley, L., Spurling, G., Lau, C.L., Riaz, S., Paterson, D.L., and Irwin, A.D. (2021). Gram-Negative Neonatal Sepsis in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries and WHO Empirical Antibiotic Recommendations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3777180"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2024.08.004","article-title":"Challenges and Trends in Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Critically Neonates: A Seven-and-a-Half-Year Observational Study","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rose, D.U., Ronchetti, M.P., Martini, L., Rechichi, J., Iannetta, M., Dotta, A., and Auriti, C. (2024). Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9090199"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megli, C.J., Carlin, S.M., Giacobe, E.J., Hillebrand, G.H., and Hooven, T.A. (2025). Virulence and Pathogenicity of Group B Streptococcus: Virulence Factors and Their Roles in Perinatal Infection. Virulence, 16.","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2451173"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.023","article-title":"Early-versus Late-Onset Sepsis in Neonates\u2014Time to Shift the Paradigm?","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-025-00688-4","article-title":"Emerging Treatments in Neonatal Fungal Infections: Progress and Prospects","volume":"27","author":"Eletel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666181123123333","article-title":"Functional Diversity of Quorum Sensing Receptors in Pathogenic Bacteria: Interspecies, Intraspecies and Interkingdom Level","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Zhou, D., Zheng, S., Li, S., Hou, Q., Li, G., and Han, H. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Synergistic Effects of Virulence Factors, Quorum Sensing, and Biofilm Formation. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1619626"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, A., Sun, J., and Liu, Y. (2023). Understanding Bacterial Biofilms: From Definition to Treatment Strategies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137947"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Beloushi, M., Saleh, H., Ahmed, B., and Konje, J.C. (2024). Congenital and Perinatal Viral Infections: Consequences for the Mother and Fetus. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111698"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R.S., Santos, F.C.P., Campana, P.R.V., Costa, V.V., De P\u00e1dua, R.M., Souza, D.G., Teixeira, M.M., and Braga, F.C. (2023). Natural Products and Derivatives as Potential Zika Virus Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051211"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2026, May 01). PAHO Zika: Symptoms, Prevention and Treatments. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/zika."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayad, A.S., Benchaabane, S., Daas, T., Smagghe, G., and Loucif-Ayad, W. (2025). Propolis Stands out as a Multifaceted Natural Product: Meta-Analysis on Its Sources, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050764"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lazo, G.L., Lemes, D.C., Pauletti, P.M., Bastos, J.K., Ambrosio, S.R., Veneziani, R.C.S., and Pires, R.H. (2025). Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis: A Narrative Review of in-vitro Studies. An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc., 97."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ccana-Ccapatinta, G.V., Mejia, J.A.A., Tanimoto, M.H., Groppo, M., Carvalho, J., and Bastos, J.K. (2020). Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. and Symphonia globulifera L.f.: The Botanical Sources of Isoflavonoids and Benzophenones in Brazilian Red Propolis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092060"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felicio, I.M., Cavalcanti, A.M.T., Baranger, K., de Oliveira Junior, R.G., Poirot, B., Picot, L., and de Andrade Cavalcante, F. (2025). Brazilian Propolis: Chemical Composition, Regional Variability, and Bioactive Potential. Fitoterapia, 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106687"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00356","article-title":"Nonclinical Toxicological Studies of Brazilian Red Propolis and Its Primary Botanical Source Dalbergia ecastaphyllum","volume":"34","author":"Squarisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago, M.B., Leandro, L.F., Rosa, R.B., Silva, M.V., Teixeira, S.C., Servato, J.P.S., Ambr\u00f3sio, S.R., Veneziani, R.C.S., Aldana-Mej\u00eda, J.A., and Bastos, J.K. (2022). Brazilian Red Propolis Presents Promising Anti-H. Pylori Activity in in vitro and in vivo Assays with the Ability to Modulate the Immune Response. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217310"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8210","article-title":"New Propolis Type from North-East Brazil: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Botanical Origin","volume":"97","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldana-Mejia, J.A., Ribeiro, V.P., Katragunta, K., Avula, B., Tatapudi, K.K., Bastos, J.K., Khan, I.A., Meepagala, K., and Ross, S.A. (2024). Chemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Green Propolis from the Brazilian \u201cCaatinga\u201d Biome. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13243576"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-024-00604-w","article-title":"A Validated RP-HPLC\u2013DAD Method for Analyzing Flavonoids in Caatinga Brazilian Green Propolis from Mimosa tenuiflora Produced by Apis mellifera","volume":"35","author":"Son","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2019.04.001","article-title":"Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-HIV Activities of a Brazilian Propolis from Cear\u00e1 State","volume":"29","author":"Salatino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luyen, N.D., Hao, N.T., Bastos, J.K., Ha, N.X., Hung, N.H., Gioi, D.H., Linh, N.N., and Son, N.T. (2024). Flavonoids from Mimosa tenuiflora Green Propolis: Chemotaxonomy, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammation, Anti-Bacteria, Mosquito Larvicidal Activity, and In Silico Approach. ChemistrySelect, 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202305216"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3865-3870.2001","article-title":"PCR Analyses of tRNA Intergenic Spacer, 16S-23S Internal Transcribed Spacer, and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Reveal Inter- and Intraspecific Relationships of Enterobacter cloacae Strains","volume":"39","author":"Clementino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). (ATCC) American Type Culture Collection Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers\u2014ATCC BAA-198. Available online: https:\/\/www.atcc.org\/products\/baa-198."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). (ATCC) American Type Culture Collection Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz\u2014ATCC 51299. Available online: https:\/\/www.atcc.org\/products\/51299."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.11.3019-3021.1995","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Multilaboratory Evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 for Quality Control of Screening Tests for Vancomycin and High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococci","volume":"33","author":"Swenson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donald, C.L., Brennan, B., Cumberworth, S.L., Rezelj, V.V., Clark, J.J., Cordeiro, M.T., Freitas de Oliveira Franca, R., Pena, L.J., Wilkie, G.S., and Da Silva Filipe, A. (2016). Full Genome Sequence and sfRNA Interferon Antagonist Activity of Zika Virus from Recife, Brazil. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005048"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.102","article-title":"Roles of Bothrops Jararacussu Toxins I and II: Antiviral Findings against Zika Virus","volume":"227","author":"Cassani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI (2010). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Aproved Guideline\u20142nd ed., Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Microtitre Plate-Based Antibacterial Assay Incorporating Resazurin as an Indicator of Cell Growth, and Its Application in the in Vitro Antibacterial Screening of Phytochemicals","volume":"42","author":"Sarker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2017). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts: Approved Standard\u2014Fourth Edition, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025","article-title":"Medicinal Plants and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"100","author":"Rios","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of Biofilm in Microtiter Plates: Overview of Testing Conditions and Practical Recommendations for Assessment of Biofilm Production by Staphylococci","volume":"115","author":"Stepanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole, G.A. (2011). Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay. J. Vis. Exp., 47.","DOI":"10.3791\/2437-v"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl120","article-title":"Effect of MUC7 Peptides on the Growth of Bacteria and on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.141","article-title":"A Simple and Reproducible 96-Well Plate-Based Method for the Formation of Fungal Biofilms and Its Application to Antifungal Susceptibility Testing","volume":"3","author":"Pierce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce, C.G., Uppuluri, P., Tummala, S., and Lopez-Ribot, J.L. (2010). A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-Based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms. J. Vis. Exp., 44.","DOI":"10.3791\/2287-v"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(98)00014-1","article-title":"Distinguishing between Living and Nonliving Bacteria: Evaluation of the Vital Stain Propidium Iodide and Its Combined Use with Molecular Probes in Aquatic Samples","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, N.B.S., Calefi, G.G., Teixeira, S.C., Melo Fernandes, T.A., Tanimoto, M.H., Cassani, N.M., Jardim, A.C.G., Vasconcelos Ambrosio, M.A.L., Veneziani, R.C.S., and Bastos, J.K. (2024). Brazilian Red Propolis Reduces the Adhesion of Oral Biofilm Cells and the Toxoplasma gondii Intracellular Proliferation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117627"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0096","article-title":"Activity of Gallic Acid and Its Ester Derivatives in Caenorhabditis elegans and Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Models","volume":"9","author":"Singulani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, N.B.S., De Souza, J.H., Santiago, M.B., Da Silva Aguiar, J.R., Martins, D.O.S., Da Silva, R.A., De Andrade Santos, I., Aldana-Mej\u00eda, J.A., Jardim, A.C.G., and Dos Santos Pedroso, R. (2022). Potential in Vitro Anti-Periodontopathogenic, Anti-Chikungunya Activities and in Vivo Toxicity of Brazilian Red Propolis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24776-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1021\/cb900084v","article-title":"High-Throughput Screen for Novel Antimicrobials Using a Whole Animal Infection Model","volume":"4","author":"Moy","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"720","article-title":"In Vitro Anticancer and Cytotoxic Activities of Some Plant Extracts on HeLa and Vero Cell Lines","volume":"21","author":"Artun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Buon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem058","article-title":"Brazilian Propolis: Correlation between Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"5","author":"Salomao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza Silva, T., Silva, J.M.B., Braun, G.H., Mejia, J.A.A., Ccapatinta, G.V.C., Santos, M.F.C., Tanimoto, M.H., Bastos, J.K., Parreira, R.L.T., and Orenha, R.P. (2021). Green and Red Brazilian Propolis: Antimicrobial Potential and Anti-Virulence against ATCC and Clinically Isolated Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Chem. Biodivers., 18.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100307"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendueles, E., Mauriz, E., Sanz-Gomez, J., Adanero-Jorge, F., and Garcia-Fernandez, C. (2023). Antimicrobial Activity of Spanish Propolis against Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria Strains. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061429"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago, M.B., Tanimoto, M.H., Ambrosio, M.A.L.V., Veneziani, R.C.S., Bastos, J.K., Sabino-Silva, R., and Martins, C.H.G. (2024). The Antibacterial Potential of Brazilian Red Propolis against the Formation and Eradication of Biofilm of Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13080719"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, S.B., Teixeira, S.C., De Souza, G., Alhatlani, B.Y., Abdallah, E.M., Ambrosio, S.R., Silva, T.S., Bastos, J.K., Tanimoto, M.H., and Barbosa, B.F. (2025). In Vitro Assessment of Brazilian Red Propolis against Mycobacteria: Antibacterial Potency, Synergy, Inhibition of Biofilm Formation, and Intramacrophage Effects. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1630134"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtyczka, R.D., K\u0119pa, M., Idzik, D., Kubina, R., Kaba\u0142a-Dzik, A., Dziedzic, A., and W\u0105sik, T.J. (2013). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis against Biofilm Forming Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/590703"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queiroga, M.C., Laranjo, M., Andrade, N., Marques, M., Costa, A.R., and Antunes, C.M. (2023). Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Toxicological Assessment of Propolis. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020347"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinh, K.T.L., and Lee, N.Y. (2022). Recent Methods for the Viability Assessment of Bacterial Pathogens: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091057"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grecka, K., Xiong, Z.R., Chen, H., Pe\u0142ka, K., Worobo, R.W., and Szweda, P. (2020). Effect of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis (EEPs) against Staphylococcal Biofilm\u2014Microscopic Studies. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080646"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahli, A., Schroter, H., Bullitta, S., Serralutzu, F., Dore, A., Nietzsche, S., Milia, E., Sculean, A., and Eick, S. (2021). In vitro Activity of Propolis on Oral Microorganisms and Biofilms. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091045"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, P., Guo, W., Wang, Y., Deng, M., Xiao, C., and Chen, X. (2022). Photosensitizer-Polypeptide Conjugate for Effective Elimination of Candida albicans Biofilm. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200268"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"445","article-title":"Tertiary Alkylamine-Functionalized Polyaspartamides with Potent Antibacterial Activity","volume":"57","author":"Wan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3357","article-title":"The C. elegans Model in Toxicity Testing","volume":"37","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarroug, S.H.O., Bajaman, J.S., Hamza, F.N., Saleem, R.A., and Abdalla, H.K. (2023). Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo Model for the Discovery and Development of Natural Plant-Based Antimicrobial Compounds. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081070"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2689","article-title":"Evolution of Host Innate Defence: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans and Primitive Invertebrates","volume":"10","author":"Irazoqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07486-11","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans, a Model Organism for Investigating Immunity","volume":"78","author":"Marsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darby, C. (2005). Interactions with Microbial Pathogens. WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology, WormBook Research Community.","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.21.1"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begun, J., Gaiani, J.M., Rohde, H., Mack, D., Calderwood, S.B., Ausubel, F.M., and Sifri, C.D. (2007). Staphylococcal Biofilm Exopolysaccharide Protects against Caenorhabditis elegans Immune Defenses. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030057"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusza, H.M., Van Boxel, J., Van Duursen, M.B.M., Forsberg, M.M., Legler, J., and V\u00e4h\u00e4kangas, K.H. (2023). Experimental Human Placental Models for Studying Uptake, Transport and Toxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics. Sci. Total Environ., 860.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160403"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.08.027","article-title":"Placental Transfer and Metabolism: An Overview of the Experimental Models Utilizing Human Placental Tissue","volume":"27","author":"Myllynen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Different Cell Systems for Zika Virus (ZIKV) Propagation and Evaluation of Anti-ZIKV Compounds in Vitro","volume":"244","author":"Vicenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, R.Z., Nascimento, R.M., Fernandes, A.C.O., and Silva, P.I. (2024). Antiviral Action of Aqueous Extracts of Propolis from Scaptotrigona Aff. Postica (Hymenoptera; Apidae) against Zica, Chikungunya, and Mayaro Virus. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65636-7"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/9\/922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:58:57Z","timestamp":1788267537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/9\/922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15090922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15090922","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}