{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:59:34Z","timestamp":1781333974802,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Linkage Project grant","award":["LP120100686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP120100686"]}]},{"name":"Dr. William Peter Richards Trust Bequest for Veterinary Pathology Research","award":["607786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["607786"]}]},{"name":"Australian Postgraduate Award"},{"name":"University of Queensland Graduate School International Travel Award"},{"name":"UQ Postdoctoral Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The economic impact of non-lethal human and equine West Nile virus (WNV) disease is substantial, since it is the most common presentation of the infection. Experimental infection with virulent WNV strains in the mouse and hamster models frequently results in severe neural infection and moderate to high mortality, both of which are not representative features of most human and equine infections. We have established a rabbit model for investigating pathogenesis and immune response of non-lethal WNV infection. Two species of rabbits, New Zealand White (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and North American cottontail (Sylvilagus sp.), were experimentally infected with virulent WNV and Murray Valley encephalitis virus strains. Infected rabbits exhibited a consistently resistant phenotype, with evidence of low viremia, minimal-absent neural infection, mild-moderate neuropathology, and the lack of mortality, even though productive virus replication occurred in the draining lymph node. The kinetics of anti-WNV neutralizing antibody response was comparable to that commonly seen in infected horses and humans. This may be explained by the early IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2 and\/or \u03b3 response evident in the draining popliteal lymph node. Given this similarity to the human and equine disease, immunocompetent rabbits are, therefore, a valuable animal model for investigating various aspects of non-lethal WNV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4030529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T10:53:35Z","timestamp":1436871215000},"page":"529-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Rabbits:  An Alternative Model for Studying Induction of Disease  and Virus Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Willy","family":"Suen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vienna","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Adney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University,  Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Broad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Prow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland,  St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland,  St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland,  St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle","family":"Bielefeldt-Ohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland,  St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05480-0","article-title":"Epidemic west nile encephalitis, new york, 1999: Results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey","volume":"358","author":"Mostashari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1086\/656602","article-title":"West nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screening","volume":"202","author":"Zou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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