{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:07:47Z","timestamp":1768468067329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,5]],"date-time":"2015-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen often carried asymptomatically on the human body. Upon entry to the otherwise sterile environment of the cardiovascular system, S. aureus can lead to serious complications resulting in organ failure and death. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen in the bloodstream is due to its ability to express a wide array of cell wall proteins on its surface that recognise host receptors, extracellular matrix proteins and plasma proteins. Endothelial cells and platelets are important cells in the cardiovascular system and are a major target of bloodstream infection. Endothelial cells form the inner lining of a blood vessel and provide an antithrombotic barrier between the vessel wall and blood. Platelets on the other hand travel throughout the cardiovascular system and respond by aggregating around the site of injury and initiating clot formation. Activation of either of these cells leads to functional dysregulation in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we will illustrate how S. aureus establish intimate interactions with both endothelial cells and platelets leading to cardiovascular dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4040869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T07:06:30Z","timestamp":1449644790000},"page":"869-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Coordinated Molecular Cross-Talk between Staphylococcus aureus, Endothelial Cells and Platelets in Bloodstream Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Carolina D.","family":"Garciarena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony M.","family":"McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Watkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Kerrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00825.x","article-title":"Colonization and infection of the human host by staphylococci: Adhesion, survival and immune evasion","volume":"20","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahill, T.J., and Prendergast, B.D. (2015). Infective endocarditis. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00067-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.603","article-title":"Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"169","author":"Murdoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis199","article-title":"Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: A 1-year population-based survey","volume":"54","author":"Celard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2014.997690","article-title":"The expanding field of platelet-bacterial interconnections","volume":"26","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.216515","article-title":"Mechanism of outside-in {alpha}IIb{beta}3-mediated activation of human platelets by the colonizing Bacterium, Streptococcus gordonii","volume":"30","author":"Petersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu871","article-title":"Impact of early valve surgery on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: Analysis in the International Collaboration of Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"60","author":"Alla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1354","article-title":"Contemporary clinical profile and outcome of prosthetic valve endocarditis","volume":"297","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02522-X","article-title":"Mechanical or bioprosthetic valves in the elderly: A 20-year comparison","volume":"71","author":"Sidhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"205","article-title":"Personal follow-up of 100 aortic valve replacement patients for 1081 patient years","volume":"87","author":"Varstela","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-006-0071-z","article-title":"New concepts in the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Widmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15266-X","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"363","author":"Moreillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.152058","article-title":"Molecular basis for Staphylococcus aureus-mediated platelet aggregate formation under arterial shear in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80400-8","article-title":"Application of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis","volume":"7","author":"Yvorchuk","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773598","article-title":"Surgery for infective endocarditis: Who and when?","volume":"121","author":"Prendergast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angus, D.C., and van der Poll, T. (2013). Severe sepsis and septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"6","article-title":"The impact of the types of microorganisms isolated from blood and wounds on the results of treatment in burn patients with sepsis","volume":"84","author":"Glik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3810\/hp.2011.08.585","article-title":"Sepsis: The inflammatory foundation of pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract. (1995)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2269","article-title":"Breaking the wall: Targeting of the endothelium by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Lemichez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500896","article-title":"Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock","volume":"372","author":"Mouncey","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock 2012","volume":"39","author":"Dellinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-012-0282-4","article-title":"Variability analysis and the diagnosis, management, and treatment of sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Buchan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.48.100194.003101","article-title":"MSCRAMM-mediated adherence of microorganisms to host tissues","volume":"48","author":"Patti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, A.M., Bowden, M.G., Brown, E.L., Laabei, M., and Massey, R.C. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein triggers TNFalpha release, promoting attachment to endothelial cells via protein A. PLoS One.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043046"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.036673-0","article-title":"Direct interaction of iron-regulated surface determinant IsdB of Staphylococcus aureus with the GPIIb\/IIIa receptor on platelets","volume":"156","author":"Miajlovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302096200","article-title":"Integrin-mediated invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into human cells requires Src family protein-tyrosine kinases","volume":"278","author":"Agerer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77312-2","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin attack on human platelets promotes assembly of the prothrombinase complex","volume":"265","author":"Arvand","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108216","article-title":"Adherence of bacteria to heart valves in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Gould","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"16","article-title":"Specific binding of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured porcine cardiac valvular endothelial cells","volume":"112","author":"Johnson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.1.218-224.1985","article-title":"Bacterial adherence to human endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Ogawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1177","article-title":"The role of fibrinogen in staphylococcal adherence to catheters in vitro","volume":"161","author":"Cheung","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115259","article-title":"Fibrinogen acts as a bridging molecule in the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured human endothelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Cheung","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90239-I","article-title":"The role of fibrinogen in mediating staphylococcal adherence to fibers","volume":"50","author":"Cheung","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.10.3827-3831.1991","article-title":"Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha promotes adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured human endothelial cells","volume":"59","author":"Cheung","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(00)70019-9","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus adherence to thrombin-treated endothelial cells is mediated by fibrinogen but not by platelets","volume":"135","author":"Shenkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.3.965-969.1992","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus proteins that bind to human endothelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Tompkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6462","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.14.6462","article-title":"Regulation of exoprotein expression in Staphylococcus aureus by a locus (sar) distinct from agr","volume":"89","author":"Cheung","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-9-747","article-title":"Role of agr (RNAIII) in Staphylococcus aureus adherence to fibrinogen, fibronectin, platelets and endothelial cells under static and flow conditions","volume":"51","author":"Shenkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.4865-4871.2000","article-title":"Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to endothelial cells: Influence of capsular polysaccharide, global regulator agr, and bacterial growth phase","volume":"68","author":"Ulrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/6.4.441","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the interaction between staphylococcal protein A and human IgG1","volume":"6","author":"Cedergren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protein Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"4831","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A binding to von Willebrand factor A1 domain is mediated by conserved IgG binding regions","volume":"273","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Federation Eur. Biochem. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601956200","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A activates TNFR1 signaling through conserved IgG binding domains","volume":"281","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601554","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A activates TACE through EGFR-dependent signaling","volume":"26","author":"Gomez","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2061-2068.2000","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A recognizes platelet gC1qR\/p33: A novel mechanism for staphylococcal interactions with platelets","volume":"68","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1800105.x","article-title":"Human blood platelet gC1qR\/p33","volume":"180","author":"Peerschke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-558890","article-title":"Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to the vessel wall under flow is mediated by von Willebrand factor-binding protein","volume":"124","author":"Claes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nm728","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein serves as anti-inflammatory factor by inhibiting the recruitment of host leukocytes","volume":"8","author":"Chavakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2310-2317.2003","article-title":"Extracellular adherence protein from Staphylococcus aureus enhances internalization into eukaryotic cells","volume":"71","author":"Haggar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216318","article-title":"The Staphylococcus aureus Map protein is an immunomodulator that interferes with T cell-mediated responses","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.1999.00011.x","article-title":"Fibronectin-binding protein acts as Staphylococcus aureus invasin via fibronectin bridging to integrin alpha5beta1","volume":"1","author":"Sinha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4673-4678.1999","article-title":"Fibronectin binding protein and host cell tyrosine kinase are required for internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by epithelial cells","volume":"67","author":"Dziewanowska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5235-5242.2001","article-title":"Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Staphylococcus aureus invasion of normal osteoblasts","volume":"69","author":"Ellington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00290.x","article-title":"Src kinase has a central role in in vitro cellular internalization of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"Fowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.6.1576.1576","article-title":"Interaction of fibronectin with cultured human endothelial cells: Characterization of the specific receptor","volume":"73","author":"Conforti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012445925628","article-title":"Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Esen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"39","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin induces apoptosis in endothelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Menzies","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.774","article-title":"Infection of human vascular endothelial cells with Staphylococcus aureus induces hyperadhesiveness for human monocytes and granulocytes","volume":"158","author":"Beekhuizen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.426","article-title":"Organism-specific neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in response to Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"172","author":"Moreland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis192","article-title":"ADAM10 mediates vascular injury induced by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin","volume":"206","author":"Powers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001815107","article-title":"Role of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 in Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin-mediated cellular injury","volume":"107","author":"Wilke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000255691.76142.4a","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: I. Structure, function, and mechanisms","volume":"100","author":"Aird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000255690.03436.ae","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: II. Representative vascular beds","volume":"100","author":"Aird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/114.5.488","article-title":"Action of Staphylococcal Toxin on Human Platelets","volume":"114","author":"Siegel","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00244-9","article-title":"Antiplatelet activity of Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid is mediated through a cyclic AMP pathway","volume":"99","author":"Sheu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613907","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet activity of Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid in human platelets","volume":"83","author":"Sheu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit398","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation via the Paf receptor","volume":"208","author":"Waller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.05.011","article-title":"Synergistic Action of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-Toxin on Platelets and Myeloid Lineage Cells Contributes to Lethal Sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Powers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109559","article-title":"Staphylococci-induced human platelet injury mediated by protein A and immunoglobulin G Fc fragment receptor","volume":"64","author":"Hawiger","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1568016033477559","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships of snake toxins targeting platelet receptors, glycoprotein Ib-IX-V and glycoprotein VI","volume":"1","author":"Andrews","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3120-3127.2001","article-title":"Clumping factor A mediates binding of Staphylococcus aureus to human platelets","volume":"69","author":"Siboo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02935.x","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms for the activation of human platelet aggregation by Staphylococcus aureus: Roles for the clumping factors ClfA and ClfB, the serine-aspartate repeat protein SdrE and protein A","volume":"44","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04731.x","article-title":"Roles for fibrinogen, immunoglobulin and complement in platelet activation promoted by Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A","volume":"57","author":"Loughman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04922.x","article-title":"Fibronectin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus mediate activation of human platelets via fibrinogen and fibronectin bridges to integrin GPIIb\/IIIa and IgG binding to the FcgammaRIIa receptor","volume":"59","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2273-2280.2005","article-title":"Role of SraP, a Serine-Rich Surface Protein of Staphylococcus aureus, in binding to human platelets","volume":"73","author":"Siboo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1258","article-title":"Fluid shear regulates the kinetics and receptor specificity of Staphylococcus aureus binding to activated platelets","volume":"173","author":"Pawar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/4\/4\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:53:33Z","timestamp":1760216013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/4\/4\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens4040869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens4040869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,5]]}}}