{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:58:24Z","timestamp":1787587104978,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1981, a new virus (virus 132) was described for the first time with morphological and biochemical similarities to rotaviruses (RVs), but without antigenic similarity to any of the previously known rotavirus groups. Subsequently, it was re-designated as D\/132, and formed a new serogroup among rotaviruses, the group D rotavirus (RVD). Since their identification, RVs are the leading cause of enteritis and diarrhea in humans and various animal species, and are also associated with abridged growth, particularly in avian species. Recently, RVD has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of runting and stunting syndrome (RSS), alongside other viruses such as reovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, and others, all of which cause colossal economic losses to the poultry industry. RVD has been reported from several countries worldwide, and to date, only one complete genome sequence for RVD is available. Neither an immunodiagnostic nor a vaccine is available for the detection and prevention of RVD infection. Despite our growing understanding about this particular group, questions remain regarding its exact prevalence and pathogenecity, and the disease-associated annual losses for the poultry industry. Here, we describe the current knowledge about the identification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of RVD in poultry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6040053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T10:39:18Z","timestamp":1508841558000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Avian Group D Rotaviruses: Structure, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Perspectives on Future Research Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Deol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0391-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jobin","family":"Kattoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhankar","family":"Sircar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hung\u00e1riakrt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashpal","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92867-5","article-title":"Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis","volume":"302","author":"Bishop","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92760-8","article-title":"Virus particles in gastroenteritis","volume":"7844","author":"Flewett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.141.3578.359","article-title":"Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice: Identification of the etiologic agent","volume":"141","author":"Adams","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"407","article-title":"The cytopathic effects of vervet monkey viruses","volume":"37","author":"Malherbe","year":"1963","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mebus, C., Underdahl, N., Rhodes, M., and Twiehaus, M. (1969, January 12\u201317). Further studies on neonatal calf diarrhea virus. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, Louisville, KY, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Rotaviruses","volume":"1","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fields Virology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2006000300009","article-title":"Rotavirus detection and isolation from chickens with or without symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Villarreal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Av\u00edc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2015.1046014","article-title":"Avian rotavirus enteritis\u2014An updated review","volume":"35","author":"Dhama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bergeland, M., McAdaragh, J., and Stotz, I. (1977, January 23\u201324). Rotaviral enteritis in turkey poults. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference, Davis, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320587","article-title":"Isolation and cell culture propagation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens","volume":"61","author":"McNulty","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458608436334","article-title":"Cytopathic avian rotavirus isolated from duck faeces in chicken kidney cell cultures","volume":"15","author":"Takase","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2307\/1590889","article-title":"Demonstration of rotavirus and rotavirus-like virus in the intestinal contents of diarrheic pheasant chicks","volume":"31","author":"Reynolds","year":"1987","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067212","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of rotavirus from feral pigeon in mammalian cell cultures","volume":"100","author":"Minamoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.53.479","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a plaque forming avian rotavirus isolated from a wild bird in Japan","volume":"53","author":"Takehara","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)51[674:PMOCTF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Periodic monitoring of commercial turkeys for enteric viruses indicates continuous presence of astrovirus and rotavirus on the farms","volume":"51","author":"Spackman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103.14.319-a","article-title":"Rotavirus infection in avian species","volume":"103","author":"McNulty","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2307\/1590594","article-title":"Genomic variation among avian rotavirus-like viruses detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis","volume":"30","author":"Theil","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"145","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of group D avian rota virus in Kafrelsheikh and Gharbia Governorates","volume":"39","author":"Hemida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X201500600008","article-title":"Monitoring and molecular characterization of group Drotavirus in Brazilian poultry farms","volume":"35","author":"Beserra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1273-3","article-title":"VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation","volume":"157","author":"Matthijnssens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141370","article-title":"Candidate new rotavirus species in sheltered dogs, Hungary","volume":"21","author":"Marton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-017-1440-4","article-title":"Rotavirus I in feces of a cat with diarrhea","volume":"53","author":"Phan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.12.002","article-title":"Candidate new rotavirus species in Schreiber\u2019s bats, Serbia","volume":"48","author":"Kemenesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1637\/7511-020106R.1","article-title":"Detection of rotaviruses and intestinal lesions in broiler chicks from flocks with runting and stunting syndrome (RSS)","volume":"50","author":"Otto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.01.031","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the VP6-encoding genome segment of avian group F and G rotaviruses","volume":"412","author":"Johne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2016000700006","article-title":"Detection of enteric viruses in pancreas and spleen of broilers with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS)","volume":"36","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rosenberger, J., and Direction, C.S. (2011, August 08). Update on the Runting-Stunting Syndrome. Ceva Eggs Program Online. Available online: http:\/\/fs-1.5mpublishing.com\/images\/ceva\/EPO_No3-May2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100110","article-title":"Morphogenesis of enteric lesions induced by group D rotavirus in ringneck pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus)","volume":"31","author":"Haynes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.10.001","article-title":"Detection of avian rotaviruses of groups A, D, F and G in diseased chickens and turkeys from Europe and Bangladesh","volume":"156","author":"Otto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-55-2-405","article-title":"Isolation from chickens of a rotavirus lacking the rotavirus group antigen","volume":"55","author":"McNulty","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-1-131","article-title":"Definition of two new groups of atypical rotaviruses","volume":"67","author":"Pedley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0778-5","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of avian rotaviruses group A and D shed by different bird species in Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Pauly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"477","article-title":"Virus diarrhoea in foals and other animals","volume":"96","author":"Flewett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.39.3.879-888.1981","article-title":"Proteolytic enhancement of rotavirus infectivity: Molecular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Estes","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.53.4.410-449.1989","article-title":"Rotavirus gene structure and function","volume":"53","author":"Estes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.8.1166","article-title":"Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry","volume":"77","author":"Guy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5829-5834.2002","article-title":"Diarrhea-inducing activity of avian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins, which differ greatly from mammalian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins in deduced amino acid sequence, in suckling mice","volume":"76","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10996","article-title":"Cell attachment protein VP8 * of a human rotavirus specifically interacts with A-type histo-blood group antigen","volume":"485","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10254","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00332-10","article-title":"The genome segments of a group D rotavirus possess group A-like conserved termini but encode group-specific proteins","volume":"84","author":"Trojnar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02257-07","article-title":"Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains","volume":"7","author":"Matthijnssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.3.271","article-title":"Frequency of group A rotavirus with mixed G and P genotypes in bovines: Predominance of G3 genotype and its emergence in combination with G8\/G10 types","volume":"13","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.05.015","article-title":"VP6 genetic diversity, reassortment, intragenic recombination and classification of rotavirus B in American and Japanese pigs","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Marthaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.07.006","article-title":"Detection of substantial porcine group B rotavirus genetic diversity in the United States, resulting in a modified classification proposal for G genotypes","volume":"1","author":"Marthaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1715","article-title":"Diversity of VP7, VP4, VP6, NSP2, NSP4 and NSP5 genes of porcine rotavirus C: Phylogenetic analysis and description of potential new VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genotypes","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.06.041","article-title":"Whole genome sequences of Japanese porcine species C rotaviruses reveal a high diversity of genotypes of individual genes and will contribute to a comprehensive, generally accepted classification system","volume":"44","author":"Niira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"554","article-title":"Detection and characterization of group A and D avian rotaviruses in India","volume":"7","author":"Kusumakar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1637\/10747-121613-ResNote.1","article-title":"Description of rotavirus F in broilers from Brazilian poultry farms","volume":"58","author":"Beserra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.11.015","article-title":"Analysis of rotavirus species diversity and evolution including the newly determined full-length genome sequences of rotavirus F and G","volume":"14","author":"Kindler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.06.018","article-title":"Analysis of codon usage pattern evolution in avian rotaviruses and their preferred host","volume":"34","author":"Kattoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3184\/175815513X13833072000999","article-title":"Molecular evidence of group D rotavirus in commercial broiler chicks in India","volume":"6","author":"Kattoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.913097","article-title":"Detection, epidemiology and characterization of VP6 and VP7 genes of group D rotavirus in broiler chickens","volume":"43","author":"Bezerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v4i2.1287","article-title":"Detection of avian rotavirus-like virus in broiler chickens in Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2307\/1591277","article-title":"A small round virus associated with enteritis in turkey poults","volume":"34","author":"Saif","year":"1990","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Roth, B. (2016). Avian Group D Rotavirus. (9243299 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4820-4832.2006","article-title":"Rotavirus viremia and extraintestinal viral infection in the neonatal rat model","volume":"80","author":"Crawford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"7","article-title":"Electrophoretic pattern analysis of rotaviruses of buffalo, poultry and human","volume":"8","author":"Niture","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2","article-title":"Development of VP6 gene specific reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay for detection of avian group D rotavirus in diarrheic chickens","volume":"3","author":"Kattoor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"449","article-title":"Frequency distribution of avian group-D rotavirus in Southern and Northern parts of India","volume":"9","author":"Kattoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pur. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Collett, S. (2013). Principles of disease prevention, diagnosis, and control introduction. Diseases of Poultry, Wiley-Blackwell. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev086","article-title":"Isolation of chicken astrovirus from specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs","volume":"94","author":"Parra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2307\/1592024","article-title":"Characterization of a group D rotavirus","volume":"37","author":"Devitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/139.4.474","article-title":"Presence of two distinct types of rotavirus in infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Mexico City, 1977","volume":"139","author":"Espejo","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.07.017","article-title":"Detection of avian group D rotavirus using the polymerase chain reaction for the VP6 gene","volume":"2","author":"Bezerra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.3.191","article-title":"Counter-immunoelectro-osmophoresis for the detection of infantile gastroenteritis virus (orbi-group) antigen and antibody","volume":"29","author":"Middleton","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.16.2.439-444.1977","article-title":"Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of rotavirus","volume":"16","author":"Middleton","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(81)90199-X","article-title":"Detection of rotavirus in faeces by latex agglutination","volume":"41","author":"Sanekata","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90951-5","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis","volume":"310","author":"Yolken","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"175","article-title":"Enteric diseases of poultry with special attention to Clostridium perfringens","volume":"31","author":"Hafez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2013.14.2.231","article-title":"An unusual case of concomitant infection with chicken astrovirus and group A avian rotavirus in broilers with a history of severe clinical signs","volume":"14","author":"Koo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00424","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses from poult enteritis syndrome in turkeys","volume":"89","author":"Jindal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450903490289","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in breeder turkeys","volume":"39","author":"Jindal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/1590804","article-title":"Physical, chemical, and serological characterization of avian rotaviruses","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1637\/8097-082807-Reg.1","article-title":"Efficacy of disinfectants and hand sanitizers against avian respiratory viruses","volume":"52","author":"Patnayak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/6\/4\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:17Z","timestamp":1760208497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/6\/4\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens6040053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens6040053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]}}}