{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:01Z","timestamp":1760241481072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tsetse flies are the principal insect vectors of African trypanosomes\u2014sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in cattle. One of the tsetse fly species, Glossina morsitans morsitans, is host to the parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, a major cause of African trypanosomiasis. Precise details of the life cycle have yet to be established, but the parasite life cycle involves crossing the insect peritrophic matrix (PM). The PM consists of the polysaccharide chitin, several hundred proteins, and both glycosamino- and galactosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides. Owing to the technical challenges of detecting small amounts of GAG polysaccharides, their conclusive identification and composition have not been possible until now. Following removal of PMs from the insects and the application of heparinases (bacterial lyase enzymes that are specific for heparan sulphate (HS) GAG polysaccharides), dot blots with a HS-specific antibody showed heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to be present, consistent with Glossina morsitans morsitans genome analysis, as well as the likely expression of the HSPGs syndecan and perlecan. Exhaustive HS digestion with heparinases, fluorescent labeling of the resulting disaccharides with BODIPY fluorophore, and separation by strong anion exchange chromatography then demonstrated the presence of HS for the first time and provided the disaccharide composition. There were no significant differences in the type of disaccharide species present between genders or between ages (24 vs. 48 h post emergence), although the HS from female flies was more heavily sulphated overall. Significant differences, which may relate to differences in infection between genders or ages, were evident, however, in overall levels of 2-O-sulphation between sexes and, for females, between 24 and 48 h post-emergence, implying a change in expression or activity for the 2-O-sulphotransferase enzyme. The presence of significant quantities of disaccharides containing the monosaccharide GlcNAc6S contrasts with previous findings in Drosophila melanogaster and suggests subtle differences in HS fine structure between species of the Diptera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Variations in the Peritrophic Matrix Composition of Heparan Sulphate from the Tsetse Fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular &amp; Structural Bioscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Acosta-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clair","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Guimond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Skidmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular &amp; Structural Bioscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular &amp; Structural Bioscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Service, M. 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