{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:53:06Z","timestamp":1792806786729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host\u2013pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Duaa W.","family":"Al-Sadeq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1795-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Taleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roan E.","family":"Zaied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara M.","family":"Fahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria K.","family":"Smatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balsam R.","family":"Rizeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts &amp; Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Al Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi M.","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheyath K.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1937","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1937","article-title":"Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors: A review","volume":"27","author":"Majdalawieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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