{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:22:55Z","timestamp":1790302975984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006456","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project no.: 13.1432.7.-001.00 Contract no.: 81170269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project no.: 13.1432.7.-001.00 Contract no.: 81170269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Funding programme Open Access Publishing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Funding programme Open Access Publishing"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005629","name":"Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Funding programme Open Access Publishing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Funding programme Open Access Publishing"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections caused by mycoplasma species in ruminants lead to considerable economic losses. Two important ruminant pathogens are Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides (Mmm), the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), which causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, and septicemia in goats. We established precision cut lung slices (PCLS) infection model for Mmm and Mmc to study host-pathogen interactions. We monitored infection over time using immunohistological analysis and electron microscopy. Moreover, infection burden was monitored by plating and quantitative real-time PCR. Results were compared with lungs from experimentally infected goats and cattle. Lungs from healthy goats and cattle were also included as controls. PCLS remained viable for up to two weeks. Both subspecies adhered to ciliated cells. However, the titer of Mmm in caprine PCLS decreased over time, indicating species specificity of Mmm. Mmc showed higher tropism to sub-bronchiolar tissue in caprine PCLS, which increased in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, Mmc was abundantly observed on pulmonary endothelial cells, indicating partially, how it causes systemic disease. Tissue destruction upon prolonged infection of slices was comparable to the in vivo samples. Therefore, PCLS represents a novel ex vivo model to study host-pathogen interaction in livestock mycoplasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T10:49:59Z","timestamp":1561027799000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Host-Pathogen Interactions of Mycoplasma mycoides in Caprine and Bovine Precision-Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yenehiwot","family":"Weldearegay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"H\u00e4nske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Kostka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"R\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Hewicker-Trautwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0489-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Valentin-Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kammerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3790-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joerg","family":"Jores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Meens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.005546-0","article-title":"Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri","volume":"59","author":"Vilei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, A., Shapiro, B., Muriuki, C., Heller, M., Schnee, C., Bongcam-Rudloff, E., Vilei, E.M., Frey, J., and Jores, J. (2012). The origin of the \u2018Mycoplasma mycoides cluster\u2019 coincides with domestication of ruminants. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036150"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"632","article-title":"Taxonomy of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster","volume":"23","author":"Cottew","year":"1987","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"FAO (2018, March 06). Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/disease_cbpp.asp."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"OIE (2018, March 06). Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. Aetiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis Prevention and Control References. Technical Disease Cards. Available online: http:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/animal-health-in-the-world\/technical-disease-cards\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.25.3.1710","article-title":"An estimation of the economic impact of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Africa","volume":"25","author":"Tambi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"FAO (2018, March 06). Recognizing Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. Revised Edition. Available online: www.fao.org\/3\/a-y4142e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Carter, G.R., and Chengappa, M.M. (1993). Microbial Diseases: A Veterinarian\u2019s Guide to Laboratory Diagnosis, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0820-9","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in bulls originated from Borena pastoral area of Southern Ethiopia","volume":"47","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0824-5","article-title":"Serological prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in agro-pastoral areas of Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Suleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0738-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Mali","volume":"47","author":"Sery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00238","article-title":"Serological Prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Niger in 2017","volume":"5","author":"Yansambou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.4.990","article-title":"Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep and goats","volume":"15","author":"Thiaucourt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"366","article-title":"Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri associated with goat respiratory disease and high flock mortality","volume":"47","author":"Hernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.06.002","article-title":"Isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri field isolates from sheep and goats in Pakistan. Short communication","volume":"153","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.07.010","article-title":"Latent infection of male goats with Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri at an artificial insemination centre","volume":"186","author":"Amores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719835243","article-title":"An outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri arthritis in young goats: A case study","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.11.007","article-title":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by vaccine strain T1\/44 of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC","volume":"98","author":"Mbulu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-122","article-title":"Development of an improved vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: An African perspective on challenges and proposed actions","volume":"44","author":"Jores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.02.010","article-title":"Recombinant Mycoplasma mycoides proteins elicit protective immune responses against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia","volume":"171","author":"Nkando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"33","article-title":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccination and prevalence (2000\u20132012) in Katsina state, north-western Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Sada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vom J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"407","article-title":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: Humoral and pathological events in cattle infected by endotracheal intubation or by exposure to infected animals","volume":"47","author":"Scacchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02240425","article-title":"Local reactions following C.B.P.P. vaccination in Zambia","volume":"5","author":"Revell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0351-1","article-title":"Private sector involvement in the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the Kazungula district of Zambia benefitted the community and the control strategy","volume":"45","author":"Muuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i1.55","article-title":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (lung sickness) in Africa","volume":"76","author":"Amanfu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.March.12.5","article-title":"Molecular cloning and immune response analysis of putative variable lipoproteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"900","article-title":"Development of lyophilized Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri vaccine against caprine pleuropneumonia","volume":"76","author":"Manimaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Russell, W.M.S., and Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. reprinted 1992."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708213","article-title":"Regenerating human epithelia with cultured stem cells: Feeder cells, organoids and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Hynds","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn178","article-title":"Ex vivo lung function measurements in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from chemical allergen-sensitized mice represent a suitable alternative to in vivo studies","volume":"106","author":"Henjakovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons-Cohen, M.R., Thomas, S.Y., Cook, D.N., and Nakano, H. (2017). Precision-cut Mouse Lung Slices to Visualize Live Pulmonary Dendritic Cells. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/55465-v"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1264794","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammatory and immune responses in long-term cultured human precision-cut lung slices","volume":"13","author":"Temann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.11.3815","article-title":"IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Fiorentino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.4756-4764.1998","article-title":"Cell-specific expression of RANTES, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha by lower airway epithelial cells and eosinophils infected with respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"72","author":"Casola","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.04.010","article-title":"Natural innate cytokine response to immunomodulators and adjuvants in human precision-cut lung slices","volume":"246","author":"Switalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.04.003","article-title":"Ex vivo testing of immune responses in precision-cut lung slices","volume":"231","author":"Henjakovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niehof, M., Hildebrandt, T., Danov, O., Arndt, K., Koschmann, J., Dahlmann, F., Hansen, T., and Sewald, K. (2017). RNA isolation from precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from different species. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2447-6"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8949","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00463-10","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of well-differentiated avian respiratory epithelial cells to infection by different strains of infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"84","author":"Winter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-3501-y","article-title":"Reactivity of equine airways\u2014A study on precision-cut lung slices","volume":"31","author":"Vietmeier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00171-15","article-title":"Dynamic Virus-Bacterium Interactions in a Porcine Precision-Cut Lung Slice Coinfection Model: Swine Influenza Virus Paves the Way for Streptococcus suis Infection in a Two-Step Process","volume":"83","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.038","article-title":"Infection of differentiated airway epithelial cells from caprine lungs by viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex","volume":"170","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-20","article-title":"Three viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex apply different strategies to initiate infection","volume":"45","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01271-08","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of differentiated epithelial cells to respiratory viruses reveals different viral strategies of host infection","volume":"83","author":"Goris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.10.016","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of pleural effusion, a specific host niche of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)","volume":"131","author":"Weldearegay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholas, R., Ayling, R., and McAuliffe, L. (2008). Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Mycoplasma Diseases of Ruminants, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851990125.0000"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholas, R., Ayling, R., and McAuliffe, L. (2008). Mycoplasma diseases of ruminants. Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851990125.0000"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.017","article-title":"Extended surveillance for CBPP in a free country: Challenges and solutions regarding the potential caprine reservoir","volume":"101","author":"Tardy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007052","article-title":"Genotyping of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia","volume":"39","author":"Yaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.147.18.520","article-title":"Isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides small colony type from contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in India","volume":"147","author":"Srivastava","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90289-6","article-title":"Isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC variant, Y-Goat) from naturally aborted bovine fetuses","volume":"32","author":"Kapoor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"491","article-title":"Infection naturelle du veau par Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (biotype ch\u00e8vre)","volume":"54","author":"Perreau","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00148.x","article-title":"Comparison of ciliostasis by mycoplasmas in mouse and chicken tracheal organ cultures","volume":"26","author":"Araake","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32777-2","article-title":"The growth and cilia-stopping effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum 1RF in chicken tracheal organ cultures","volume":"28","author":"Takagi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.12.5312-5318.1994","article-title":"Ciliostasis and loss of cilia induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal organ cultures","volume":"62","author":"DeBey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aye, R., Mwirigi, M.K., Frey, J., Pilo, P., Jores, J., and Naessens, J. (2015). Cyto-adherence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides to bovine lung epithelial cells. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0347-3"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0500-z","article-title":"Respiratory explants as a model to investigate early events of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia infection","volume":"49","author":"Marruchella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertin, C., Pau-Roblot, C., Courtois, J., Manso-Silvan, L., Thiaucourt, F., Tardy, F., Le Grand, D., Poumarat, F., and Gaurivaud, P. (2013). Characterization of free exopolysaccharides secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068373"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12579","article-title":"Comparison of in vivo and in vitro properties of capsulated and noncapsulated variants of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strain Afade: A potential new insight into the biology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia","volume":"359","author":"Gaurivaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.012","article-title":"Invasive bacterial pathogens exploit TLR-mediated downregulation of tight junction components to facilitate translocation across the epithelium","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28700","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703576200","article-title":"Role of p38 MAP kinase and transforming growth factor-beta signaling in transepithelial migration of invasive bacterial pathogens","volume":"282","author":"Beisswenger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"322","article-title":"Caprine mycoplasmosis: Widespread infection in goats with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (large-colony type)","volume":"44","author":"DaMassa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00664","article-title":"Removal of a Subset of Non-essential Genes Fully Attenuates a Highly Virulent Mycoplasma Strain","volume":"10","author":"Jores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-0994-9","article-title":"Morphological characterization and immunohistochemical detection of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-17A, and TNF-alpha in lung lesions associated with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia","volume":"48","author":"Haider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.01.001","article-title":"Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier","volume":"20","author":"Steukers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-02-0117","article-title":"Fibrinolysis and host response in bacterial infections","volume":"98","author":"Bergmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(01)00067-5","article-title":"Bacterial plasminogen activators and receptors","volume":"25","author":"Lahteenmaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.10.016","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC","volume":"174","author":"Pilo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00938-07","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type to bovine epithelial cells","volume":"76","author":"Bischof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-015-0067-0","article-title":"High quality draft genomes of the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides challenge strains Afade and B237","volume":"10","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stand. Genom. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00761-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequences of Mycoplasma leachii strain PG50T and the pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype strain Gladysdale","volume":"194","author":"Wise","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"2439","article-title":"Isolation of a motile mycoplasma from fish","volume":"130","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.04.016","article-title":"Analysis of the immunoproteome of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type reveals immunogenic homologues to other known virulence traits in related Mycoplasma species","volume":"131","author":"Jores","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.182477.114","article-title":"Bacterial genome reduction using the progressive clustering of deletions via yeast sexual cycling","volume":"25","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"A1","article-title":"Lungenseuche der Rinder\u2014Pathomorphologie nach experimenteller Infektion","volume":"46","author":"Sehl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Gro\u00dftiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punyadarsaniya, D., Liang, C.H., Winter, C., Petersen, H., Rautenschlein, S., Hennig-Pauka, I., Schwegmann-Wessels, C., Wu, C.Y., Wong, C.H., and Herrler, G. (2011). Infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells by influenza virus: Differential susceptibility to infection by porcine and avian viruses. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028429"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313509906","article-title":"Nanoparticles and pop-off technique for electron microscopy: A known technique for a new purpose","volume":"42","author":"Lehmbecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/2\/82\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:06Z","timestamp":1760187606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/2\/82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens8020082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens8020082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]}}}