{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:21:49Z","timestamp":1790882509164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20150078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study investigated the prevalence of potentially pathogenic and drug resistant Escherichia coli among drinking water sources in Jordan. A total of 109 confirmed E. coli isolates were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic identification of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production was done using the double disk synergy test and the modified Hodge test, respectively. Isolates\u2019 plasmid profiles were determined by gel electrophoresis. PCR was used for detection of virulence and resistance genes. Overall, 22.0% of the isolates were potentially intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC); namely enteroaggregative E. coli (16.5%), enteropathogenic E. coli (2.8%), enteroinvasive E. coli (1.8%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0.9%). A third of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. The highest rates of antimicrobials resistance were observed against ampicillin (93.6%) and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (41.3%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and tigecycline. The prevalence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers was 54.1% and 2.8%, respectively. BlaVIM was the most prevalent resistance gene (68.8%), followed by blaCTX (50.5%), blaTEM (45.9%), blaNDM (11%), blaKPC (4.6%), and blaSHV (0.9%). Fifty-eight (53.2%) isolates contained one or more plasmid ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 kbp. Overall, high prevalence of potentially pathogenic and resistant isolates was observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1561459951000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Jordan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Swedan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Abu Alrub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn093","article-title":"A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: A case-control study in a middle-income country","volume":"37","author":"Ferrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNICEF, and WHO (2009). Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done, UNICEF."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7103657","article-title":"Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water","volume":"7","author":"Cabral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohlicher, E., Krause, G., Zweifel, C., Beutin, L., and Stephan, R. (2008). Characterization of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) isolated from pigs and sheep. BMC Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-144"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254159","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/254159","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: An emerging enteric food borne pathogen","volume":"2010","author":"Kaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00090","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: An emerging public-health concern","volume":"8","author":"Pitout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2013.30","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing escherichia coli from hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"28","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yano, H., Uemura, M., Endo, S., Kanamori, H., Inomata, S., Kakuta, R., Ichimura, S., Ogawa, M., Shimojima, M., and Ishibashi, N. (2013). Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates from Escherichia coli at a Japanese tertiary hospital. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064359"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-07","article-title":"Carbapenemases: The versatile beta-lactamases","volume":"20","author":"Queenan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"218","article-title":"The impact of carbapenemases on antimicrobial development and therapy","volume":"3","author":"Livermore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00137-06","article-title":"A virulence and antimicrobial resistance DNA microarray detects a high frequency of virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Great Lakes recreational waters","volume":"72","author":"Hamelin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01676-10","article-title":"Class 1 integrons, selected virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the Minjiang River, Fujian Province, China","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110808213","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram profiling of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from the Kat River and the Fort Beaufort abstraction water","volume":"11","author":"Nontongana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14372","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14372","article-title":"Pathogenic escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases isolated from surface water and wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"14","article-title":"Isolation of Extended Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria from urban surface waters in Malaysia","volume":"20","author":"Tissera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talukdar, P.K., Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Nabi, A., Islam, Z., Hoque, M.M., Endtz, H.P., and Islam, M.A. (2013). Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061090"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of ESBL genes and multi-drug resistance in diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains isolated from adults in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Kargar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"26712","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in different ecological niches in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2012\/1360","article-title":"First report of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing urinary escherichia coli in Jordan","volume":"2","author":"Nimri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Microbiol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing escherichia coli from various clinical samples","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0103-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from intensive care units at Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar","volume":"5","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"881","article-title":"Frequency of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebseilla pneumonia isolated from urine in an Iranian 1000-bed tertiary care hospital","volume":"4","author":"Behrooozi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"171","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in omani children: Study of prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman","volume":"8","author":"Rafay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.2902-2906.2004","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases produced by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli from a Korean nationwide survey","volume":"42","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02338-16","article-title":"Comparison of 11 Phenotypic Assays for Accurate Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"55","author":"Tamma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"759208","article-title":"Resistance of gram-negative bacilli in Lebanon","volume":"2013","author":"Salem","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841951","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/841951","article-title":"Carbapenemases in gram-negative bacteria: Laboratory detection and clinical significance","volume":"2014","author":"Bedenic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"226","article-title":"Dissemination of carbapenemases producing Gram negative bacteria in the Middle East","volume":"7","author":"Asgharzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01740-13","article-title":"Molecular typing of CTX-M-producing escherichia coli isolates from environmental water, swine feces, specimens from healthy humans, and human patients","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"605","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria in waste water alexandria, Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Amine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Salah, M., Badran, E., and Shehabi, A. (2014). High incidence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type ESBLs colonizing the intestine of Jordanian infants. Int. Arabic J. Antimicrob. Agents, 3, Available online: http:\/\/www.imed.pub\/ojs\/index.php\/IAJAA\/article\/view\/811."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-12","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: A successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world?","volume":"26","author":"Beceiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1072-1075.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Shiga toxin gene (Stx1)-positive Escherichia coli O26:H11: A new concern","volume":"43","author":"Ishii","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06997-11","article-title":"CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolate of serotype O111:H8","volume":"78","author":"Valat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"131","article-title":"Extended spectrum betalactamase producing Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from young children in Iran","volume":"7","author":"Khoshvaght","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt409","article-title":"KPC-2-encoding plasmids from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq190","article-title":"Detection of the new metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19 along with KPC-2, CMY-2 and CTX-M-15 in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"65","author":"Pournaras","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4635","article-title":"Plasmid profile analysis of multidrug resistant E. coli isolated from UTI patients of Nagpur City, India","volume":"14","author":"Jan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiogram and plasmid profiling of E. coli isolates","volume":"1","author":"Alam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. BioRes."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"984","article-title":"Plasmid profiling and curing of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli recovered from retail chicken meat","volume":"25","author":"Gohar","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAPS J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"152","article-title":"Plasmid profile of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chicken intestines","volume":"77","author":"Elshafie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alabama. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"689","article-title":"Plasmid profiling and antibiotics resisitance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from Mytilus galloprovincialis and seawater","volume":"2","author":"Berber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"189","article-title":"Modified Hodge test: A simple and effective test for detection of carbapenemase production","volume":"3","author":"Amjad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00445.x","article-title":"PCR differentiation of Escherichia coli from other gram-negative bacteria using primers derived from the nucleotide sequences flanking the gene encoding the universal stress protein","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46916-0","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with diarrhoea in Bangladesh","volume":"56","author":"Islam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes","volume":"70","author":"Poirel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"833","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Genes (balaTEM, blaCTX and blASHV) among urinary escherichia coli clinical isolates in Mashhad, Iran","volume":"15","author":"Forghanifard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/2\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:57Z","timestamp":1760187657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/2\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens8020086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens8020086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}}}