{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:30:18Z","timestamp":1789687818504,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Medicine Foundation","award":["3712910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3712910"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/1111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/1111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001518","name":"Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3711140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3711140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus (GAS) are common occupants of the tonsils and many strains produce potent exotoxins (mitogens) that directly target T cells, which could be a driver for tonsillar hyperplasia. Tonsil tissues from 41 patients were tested for these bacteria in conjunction with profiling of B and T cells by flow cytometry. S. aureus and GAS were detected in tonsil tissue from 44% and 7%, respectively, of patients by bacteriological culture; immuno-histology showed bacteria in close proximity to both B and T lymphocytes. The presence of tonsillar S. aureus did not alter B or T cell populations, whereas peripheral blood mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were significantly increased in S. aureus culture positive individuals (p &lt; 0.006). Alterations of tonsil CD4+ TCR V\u03b2 family members relative to peripheral blood were evident in 29 patients. Three patients had strong TCR V\u03b2 skewing indicative of recent exposure to superantigens, their tonsils contained mitogenic bacteria, and supernatants from these bacteria were used to partially recapitulate the skewing profile in vitro, supporting the notion that superantigens can target tonsillar T cells in situ. Tonsils are a reservoir for superantigen-producing bacteria with the capacity to alter the composition and function of key immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T10:56:05Z","timestamp":1561632965000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impact of Superantigen-Producing Bacteria on T Cells from Tonsillar Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2679-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona J","family":"Radcliff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Waldvogel-Thurlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Clow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murali","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Proft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000342329","article-title":"Indications of pediatric tonsillectomy","volume":"75","author":"Gysin","year":"2013","journal-title":"ORL J. 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