{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:59:07Z","timestamp":1773115147874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3\u2013300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T10:56:05Z","timestamp":1561632965000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mae","family":"A. F. White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet","family":"Whiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstin","family":"E. Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.013","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis\u2014The most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases?","volume":"103","author":"Olsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90106-C","article-title":"Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi: Infection and disease in Papua New Guinea","volume":"8","author":"Ashford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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