{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:38:25Z","timestamp":1790375905218,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lassa fever surpasses Ebola, Marburg, and all other hemorrhagic fevers except Dengue in its public health impact. Caused by Lassa virus (LASV), the disease is a scourge on populations in endemic areas of West Africa, where reported incidence is higher. Here, we report construction, characterization, and preclinical efficacy of a novel recombinant vaccine candidate GEO-LM01. Constructed in the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector, GEO-LM01 expresses the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and zinc-binding matrix protein (Z) from the prototype Josiah strain lineage IV. When expressed together, GP and Z form Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) in cell culture. Immunogenicity and efficacy of GEO-LM01 was tested in a mouse challenge model. A single intramuscular dose of GEO-LM01 protected 100% of CBA\/J mice challenged with a lethal dose of ML29, a Mopeia\/Lassa reassortant virus, delivered directly into the brain. In contrast, all control animals died within one week. The vaccine induced low levels of antibodies but Lassa-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. This is the first report showing that a single dose of a replication-deficient MVA vector can confer full protection against a lethal challenge with ML29 virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A Single Dose of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Expressing Lassa Virus-like Particles Protects Mice from Lethal Intra-cerebral Virus Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Salvato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arban","family":"Domi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVax, Inc., Smyrna, GA 30080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7139-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Medina-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoting","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanael","family":"McCurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Technology Licensing and Commercialization, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVax, Inc., Smyrna, GA 30080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hellerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVax, Inc., Smyrna, GA 30080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshad","family":"Guirakhoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVax, Inc., Smyrna, GA 30080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2016, May 27). Epidemic Focus: Lassa fever Weekly Epidemiological Record. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2016\/wer9121.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020283","article-title":"Human Hemorrhagic Fever Causing Arenaviruses: Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Virus Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141469","article-title":"Sequence Variability and Geographic Distribution of Lassa Virus, Sierra Leone","volume":"21","author":"Leski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.437","article-title":"A Prospective Study of the Epidemiology and Ecology of Lassa Fever","volume":"155","author":"McCormick","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Saluzzo, J.F., and Dodet, B. (1999). Lassa Fever, in Emergence and Control of Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7426.1271","article-title":"Lassa fever: Epidemiology, clinical features, and social consequences","volume":"327","author":"Richmond","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Control, N.C.f.D. (2018, September 02). Disease Situation Reports, Available online: https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/diseases\/sitreps."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25280","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25280","article-title":"New Hosts of The Lassa Virus","volume":"6","author":"Olayemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7009.857","article-title":"Review of cases of nosocomial Lassa fever in Nigeria: The high price of poor medical practice","volume":"311","author":"Tomori","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv047","article-title":"Mapping the zoonotic niche of Lassa fever in Africa","volume":"109","author":"Mylne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6992-7004.2000","article-title":"Genetic Diversity among Lassa Virus Strains","volume":"74","author":"Bowen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0049-5","article-title":"Baseline mapping of Lassa fever virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development","volume":"3","author":"Hallam","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2418-y","article-title":"Past, present, and future of arenavirus taxonomy","volume":"160","author":"Radoshitzky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8722","article-title":"Completion of the Lassa fever virus sequence and identification of a RING finger ORF at the L RNA 5\u2032 end","volume":"235","author":"Djavani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-3-547","article-title":"The Lassa fever virus L gene: Nucleotide sequence, comparison, and precipitation of a predicted 250 kDa protein with monospecific antiserum","volume":"78","author":"Lukashevich","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7260","article-title":"Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of Lassa virus","volume":"356","author":"Hastie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221447598","article-title":"The Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor GP-C is proteolytically processed by subtilase SKI-1\/S1P","volume":"98","author":"Lenz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6lschl\u00e4ger, S., and Flatz, L. (2013). Vaccination Strategies against Highly Pathogenic Arenaviruses: The Next Steps toward Clinical Trials. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003212"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000105","article-title":"Cis- and cell-type-dependent trans-requirements for Lassa virus-like particle production","volume":"96 Pt 7","author":"Urata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safronetz, D., Mire, C., Rosenke, K., Feldmann, F., Haddock, E., Geisbert, T., and Feldmann, H. (2015). A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Lassa Fever Vaccine Protects Guinea Pigs and Macaques against Challenge with Geographically and Genetically Distinct Lassa Viruses. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003736"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.016","article-title":"Biosafety aspects of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vectors used for gene therapy or vaccination","volume":"30","author":"Verheust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02896-15","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the Oligomeric Form of Lassa Virus Matrix Protein Z","volume":"90","author":"Hastie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.13934-13942.2005","article-title":"A Live Attenuated Vaccine for Lassa Fever Made by Reassortment of Lassa and Mopeia Viruses","volume":"79","author":"Lukashevich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.134","article-title":"Evaluation of Lassa virus vaccine immunogenicity in a CBA\/JML29 mouse model","volume":"30","author":"Goicochea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00896-06","article-title":"Identification of Protective Lassa Virus Epitopes That Are Restricted by HLA-A2","volume":"80","author":"Botten","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1223-1230.2005","article-title":"Lassa Fever Virus Peptides Predicted by Computational Analysis Induce Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Responses in HLA-A2.1 Transgenic Mice","volume":"12","author":"Boesen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyei, N.N., Abilba, M.M., Kwawu, F.K., Agbenohevi, P.G., Bonney, J.H., Agbemaple, T.K., Nimo-Paintsil, S.C., Ampofo, W., Ohene, S.-A., and Nyarko, E.O. (2015). Imported Lassa fever: A report of 2 cases in Ghana. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0956-2"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.09.009","article-title":"The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts","volume":"159","author":"Mehand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"CEPI (2018, September 02). News. Available online: http:\/\/cepi.net\/news."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata, J.C., Medina-Moreno, S., Guzm\u00e1n-Cardozo, C., and Salvato, M.S. (2018). Improving the Breadth of the Host\u2019s Immune Response to Lassa Virus. Pathogens, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7040084"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00122-4","article-title":"Lassa fever: Implications of T-cell immunity for vaccine development","volume":"73","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19041-y","article-title":"A Single Dose of Modified Vaccinia Ankara expressing Ebola Virus Like Particles Protects Nonhuman Primates from Lethal Ebola Virus Challenge","volume":"8","author":"Domi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15039-8","article-title":"A Zika Vaccine Targeting NS1 Protein Protects Immunocompetent Adult Mice in a Lethal Challenge Model","volume":"7","author":"Brault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000090","article-title":"HIV epidemic among key populations in west Africa","volume":"9","author":"Djomand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-52","article-title":"An attenuated Lassa vaccine in SIV-infected rhesus macaques does not persist or cause arenavirus disease but does elicit Lassa virus-specific immunity","volume":"10","author":"Zapata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10847","article-title":"Nonreplicating vaccinia vector efficiently expresses recombinant genes","volume":"89","author":"Sutter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv040","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv040","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic Smallpox Vaccine in Vaccinia-Naive and Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals: An Open-Label, Controlled Clinical Phase II Trial","volume":"2","author":"Overton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) (2013). Assessment Report, IMVANEX, Common Name: Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus, Procedure No. EMEA\/H\/C\/002596, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21630-4","article-title":"Assessment of novel vaccination regimens using viral vectored liver stage malaria vaccines encoding ME-TRAP","volume":"8","author":"Bliss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq105","article-title":"Phase 1 Safety and Immunogenicity Testing of DNA and Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccines Expressing HIV-1 Virus-like Particles","volume":"203","author":"Goepfert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu003","article-title":"Specificity and 6-Month Durability of Immune Responses Induced by DNA and Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccines Expressing HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles","volume":"210","author":"Goepfert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, M., Heath, S.L., Sweeton, B., Williams, K., Cunningham, P., Keele, B.F., Sen, S., Palmer, B.E., Chomont, N., and Xu, Y. (2016). DNA\/MVA Vaccination of HIV-1 Infected Participants with Viral Suppression on Antiretroviral Therapy, followed by Treatment Interruption: Elicitation of Immune Responses without Control of Re-Emergent Virus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163164"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciel, M.M., Cruz, F.D.S.P., Cordeiro, M.T., da Motta, M.A., de Melo Cassemiro, K.M.S., Maia, R.D.C.C., de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q., Galler, R., da Silva Freire, M., and August, J.T. (2015). A DNA Vaccine against Yellow Fever Virus: Development and Evaluation. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003693"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perdomo-Celis, F., Salvato, M.S., Medina-Moreno, S., and Zapata, J.C. (2019). T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010011"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.012","article-title":"Treatment of Lassa virus infection in outbred guinea pigs with first-in-class human monoclonal antibodies","volume":"133","author":"Cross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4396","article-title":"Human-monoclonal-antibody therapy protects nonhuman primates against advanced Lassa fever","volume":"23","author":"Mire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.057","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the ML29 reassortant vaccine for Lassa fever in small non-human primates","volume":"26","author":"Lukashevich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90659-7","article-title":"Protection of Rhesus Monkeys from Lassa Virus by Immunisation With Closely Related Arenavirus","volume":"314","author":"Kiley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90767-7","article-title":"Vaccinia Recombinant Expressing Lassa-Virus Internal Nucleocapsid Protein Protects Guinea pigs against Lassa Fever","volume":"330","author":"Clegg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCurley, N.P., Domi, A., Basu, R., Saunders, K.O., Labranche, C.C., Montefiori, D.C., Haynes, B.F., and Robinson, H.L. (2017). HIV transmitted\/founder vaccines elicit autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies for the CD4 binding site. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177863"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommerstein, R., Flatz, L., Remy, M.M., Malinge, P., Magistrelli, G., Fischer, N., Sahin, M., Bergthaler, A., Igonet, S., and Ter Meulen, J. (2015). Arenavirus Glycan Shield Promotes Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Protracted Infection. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005276"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.023","article-title":"A vaccine based on recombinant modified Vaccinia Ankara containing the nucleoprotein from Lassa virus protects against disease progression in a guinea pig model","volume":"37","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11544","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11544","article-title":"Most neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies target novel epitopes requiring both Lassa virus glycoprotein subunits","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3390\/v6072735","article-title":"Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) as Production Platform for Vaccines against Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Altenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Host Range Restricted, Non-Replicating Vaccinia Virus Vectors as Vaccine Candidates","volume":"397","author":"Moss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Results Probl. Cell Differ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.036","article-title":"Correlation of immunogenicities and in vitro expression levels of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara HIV vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Wyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7176","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00687-09","article-title":"Elucidating and Minimizing the Loss by Recombinant Vaccinia Virus of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Expression Resulting from Spontaneous Mutations and Positive Selection","volume":"83","author":"Wyatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.039","article-title":"Design and evaluation of multi-gene, multi-clade HIV-1 MVA vaccines","volume":"27","author":"Earl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.21978","article-title":"Co-expression of HIV-1 virus-like particles and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by GEO-D03 DNA vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Hellerstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvato, M.S., Lukashevich, I.S., Medina-Moreno, S., and Zapata, J.C. (2018). Diagnostics for Lassa Fever: Detecting Host Antibody Responses, in Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6981-4_5"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e00363","article-title":"Distinct Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Poxvirus-Based Vaccine Candidates against Ebola Virus Expressing GP and VP40 Proteins","volume":"92","author":"Ljungberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/3\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:14:32Z","timestamp":1760188472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/8\/3\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens8030133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens8030133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]}}}