{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T22:33:09Z","timestamp":1773527589559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Investigation of the microbial community in the female reproductive tract has revealed that the replacement of a community dominated by Lactobacillus with pathogenic bacteria may be associated with implantation failure or early spontaneous abortion in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. Herein we describe taxonomically and functionally the endometrial microbiome of an infertile patient with repeated reproductive failures (involving an ectopic pregnancy and two clinical miscarriages). The microbiological follow-up is presented over 18-month in which the microbiota was evaluated in six endometrial fluid samples. The microbial profile of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a persistent infection with Gardnerella and other bacterial taxa such as Atopobium and Bifidobacterium. In addition, taxonomic and functional analysis by whole metagenome sequencing in the endometrial fluid sample collected before one clinical miscarriage suggested the presence of multiple Gardnerella vaginalis clades with a greater abundance of clade 4, usually associated with metronidazole resistance. These results revealed a persistent G. vaginalis endometrial colonization presenting genetic features consistent with antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and other virulence factors, which could be related to the reproductive failure observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Taxonomical and Functional Assessment of the Endometrial Microbiota in A Context of Recurrent Reproductive Failure: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Garcia-Grau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Igenomix Foundation - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Perez-Villaroya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Department, Igenomix R&amp;D, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Bau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Department, Igenomix R&amp;D, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gonzalez-Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Igenomix Foundation - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Research Department, Igenomix R&amp;D, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Vilella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Igenomix Foundation - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Igenomix Foundation - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Research Department, Igenomix R&amp;D, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Igenomix Foundation - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Research Department, Igenomix R&amp;D, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"BIDMC, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01624-1","article-title":"Bacteria in the transfer catheter tip influence the live-birth rate after in vitro fertilization","volume":"74","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. 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