{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:25:41Z","timestamp":1780521941847,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY02738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY02738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gram-positive bacteria remain the leading cause of endophthalmitis, a blinding infectious disease of the eye. Murine models have been widely used for understanding the pathogenesis of bacterial endophthalmitis. In this study, we sought to develop an alternative zebrafish (Danio rerio) model for Staphylococcus aureus and compare the disease pathobiology to a murine model. Endophthalmitis was induced in zebrafish and C57BL\/6 mice through the intravitreal injection of S. aureus. Disease progression was monitored by assessing corneal haze, opacity, bacterial burden, and retinal histology. Our results demonstrated that, unlike the murine models, zebrafish maintained ocular integrity, corneal transparency, and retinal architecture. We found that the zebrafish was capable of clearing S. aureus from the eye via transport through retinal vessels and the optic nerve and by mounting a monocyte\/macrophage response beginning at 8 hour post-infection (hpi). The bacterial burden increased up to 8 hpi and significantly decreased thereafter. An assessment of the innate retinal response revealed the induced expression of Il-1\u03b2 and Il-6 transcripts. Collectively, our study shows that unlike the murine model, zebrafish do not develop endophthalmitis and rapidly clear the pathogen. Hence, a better understanding of the zebrafish protective ocular innate response may provide new insights into the pathobiology of bacterial endophthalmitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Zebrafish are Resistant to Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawan Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Thummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6332-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.12.001","article-title":"Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host-pathogen interactions","volume":"26","author":"Callegan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. 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