{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:41:37Z","timestamp":1790638897692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/20693-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/20693-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Naegleria, of the free-living amoeba (FLA) group, has been investigated mainly due to its human health impact, resulting in deadly infections and their worldwide distribution on freshwater systems. Naegleria fowleri, colloquially known as the \u201cbrain-eating amoeba,\u201d is the most studied Naegleria species because it causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) of high lethality. The assessment of FLA biodiversity is fundamental to evaluate the presence of pathogenic species and the possibility of human contamination. However, the knowledge of FLA distribution in Brazil is unknown, and to rectify this situation, we present research on identifying Naegleria spp. in the Monjolinho River as a model study. The river is a public Brazilian freshwater source that crosses the city of S\u00e3o Carlos, in S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil. Five distinct sampling sites were examined through limnological features, trophozoites culturing, and PCR against internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and 5.8S rRNA sequences. The results identified N. philippinensis, N. canariensisi, N. australiensis, N. gruberi, N. dobsoni sequences, as well as a Hartmannella sequence. The methodology delineated here represents the first Brazilian Naegleria spp. study on a freshwater system. Our results stress the urgency of a large scale evaluation of the presence of free-living amoebas in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1580471756000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Isolation of Naegleria spp. from a Brazilian Water Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Karla","family":"Bellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13560-590, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Let\u00edcia Moreira da","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13560-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Reyes-Batlle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Lorenzo-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odete","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otavio Henrique","family":"Thiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13560-590, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.6.2071-2078.1995","article-title":"Identification and epidemiological typing of Naegleria fowleri with DNA probes","volume":"61","author":"Kilvington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. 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