{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:42:25Z","timestamp":1787226145238,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis) is the major bacteria detected in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Prevotella bivia (P. bivia) has been demonstrated to show a symbiotic relationship with G. vaginalis. Some men have been shown to be colonized with G. vaginalis in their urogenital or anorectal tracts, however genitourinary infections in males, including balanitis and urethritis, due to this organism appear to be much less common. In this report, we summarize previous cases of men with G. vaginalis infection, and we present a rare and unusual case of a unilateral scrotal abscess caused by G. vaginalis in co-infection with P. bivia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1580729311000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Rare Cause of a Scrotal Abscess due to the Symbiotic Infection of Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia in an Adult Male"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Bekasiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth\u2019s Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA"},{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Dammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth\u2019s Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA"},{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Nader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, St. Elizabeth\u2019s Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001\u20132004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data","volume":"109","author":"Allsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000620","article-title":"Host-vaginal microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"33","author":"Muzny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.1.125","article-title":"Bacteremia due to Gardnerella vaginalis: Report of two cases","volume":"18","author":"Florez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00432-3","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia after vaginal myomectomy","volume":"108","author":"Agostini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"70","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia: A review of thirty cases","volume":"64","author":"Reminer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"263","article-title":"Heretofore undescribed organism isolated from the genitourinary system","volume":"4","author":"Leopold","year":"1953","journal-title":"U.S. Armed Forces Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"692","article-title":"Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis. A newly defined specific infection previously classified as \u201cnonspecific vaginitis\u201d","volume":"69","author":"Gardner","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Obster. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.4.677-679.1984","article-title":"Biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis","volume":"20","author":"Piot","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"243","article-title":"Male carriage of Gardnerella vaginalis","volume":"58","author":"Dawson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"173","article-title":"Recovery of anaerobic curved rods and Gardnerella vaginalis from the urethra of men, including male heterosexual consorts of female carriers","volume":"86","author":"Holst","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"127","article-title":"Balanoposthitis associated with Gardnerella vaginalis infection in men","volume":"58","author":"Kinghorn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198704000-00015","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis in the Male Upper Genital Tract: A Possible Source of Reinfection of the Female Partner","volume":"14","author":"Elsner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1130-1133.1988","article-title":"Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in the urinary tract","volume":"26","author":"Lam","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"800","article-title":"Relationship of Bacteriologic Characteristics to Semen Indices in Men Attending an Infertility Clinic","volume":"75","author":"Hillier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05054.x","article-title":"Microbiology of semen specimens from males attending a fertility clinic","volume":"105","author":"Kristensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"120","article-title":"Carriage of Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes in semen","volume":"61","author":"Ison","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.9.2035-2039.1990","article-title":"Reservoir of four organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis suggests lack of sexual transmission","volume":"28","author":"Holst","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181886727","article-title":"Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in Male Sexual Partners of Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"36","author":"Schwebke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraelen, H., Verhelst, R., Vaneechoutte, M., and Temmerman, M. (2010). The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour. BMC Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-81"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198607000-00009","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis-associated balanoposthitis","volume":"13","author":"Burdge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01726374","article-title":"Garderella vaginalis bacteremia in an adult male","volume":"16","author":"Bastida","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.08.002","article-title":"Multiple abscesses caused by Gardnerella vaginalis in an immunocompetent man","volume":"51","author":"Calvert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.5.1132-1134.1989","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia from pulmonary abscess in a male alcohol abuser","volume":"27","author":"Legrand","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6542.309","article-title":"An unusual case of Gardnerella vaginalis septicaemia","volume":"293","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.2.367","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis Bacteremia in a Man with Prostatic Adenoma","volume":"161","author":"Denoyel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198104023041417","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis perinephric abscess in a transplanted kidney","volume":"304","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1981","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90273-8","article-title":"Corynebacterium vaginale bacteraemia in a man","volume":"1","author":"Patrick","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2013.07.007","article-title":"Bact\u00e9ri\u00e9mie \u00e0 Gardnerella vaginalis chez un homme","volume":"43","author":"Alidjinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.2.243-a","article-title":"Comparison of radiometric and gas capture systems for blood cultures","volume":"40","author":"Harper","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(89)93642-6","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis in infections of the urinary tract","volume":"18","author":"Sturm","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2015.09.007","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis: An Overlooked pathogen in male patients?","volume":"10","author":"Babics","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90873-5","article-title":"Cornyebacterium vaginale urinary-tract infection in a man","volume":"1","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01545-07","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis Bacteremia in a Previously Healthy Man: Case Report and Characterization of the Isolate","volume":"46","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000622","article-title":"A Case of Pyelonephritis with Bacteremia Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis in a Man","volume":"26","author":"Pritchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.009574","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis septicaemia with pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and septic emboli in the kidney and brain of an adult male","volume":"21","author":"Yoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2974-2976.1997","article-title":"The aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of perirectal abscesses","volume":"35","author":"Brook","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.2.257","article-title":"Occurrence and pathogenicity of the Stretococcus milleri group","volume":"10","author":"Gossling","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750479","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/750479","article-title":"The Human Vaginal Bacterial Biota and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"2008","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(02)00159-6","article-title":"Microbiology and management of polymicrobial femal genital tract infections inadolescents","volume":"15","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, L., Liu, C., Johnson, K., Aziz, M., Lau, M., Bowers, J., Ravel, J., Keim, P., Serwadda, D., and Wawer, M. (2010). The Effects of Circumcision on the Penis Microbiome (Penis Microbiome: Circumcision). PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008422"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.240","article-title":"Streptoccus constellatus and P. bivia penile abscess","volume":"7","author":"Nalmas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. World J. TSW Urol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.406","article-title":"Evidence for a commensal, symbiotic relationship between Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevolla bivia involving ammonia: Potential significance for bacterial vaginosis","volume":"175","author":"Pybus","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"966","article-title":"Identification of Key Bacteria Involved in the Induction of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis: A Prospective Study","volume":"218","author":"Muzny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9261.186545","article-title":"Scrotal abscess: Varied etiology, associations, and management","volume":"21","author":"Ramareddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Indian Assoc. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/2\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:53:45Z","timestamp":1760172825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/2\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9020093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9020093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}}}