{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:05:17Z","timestamp":1793797517698,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 54 broiler flocks during the first two weeks of life was used to investigate the incidence of avian pathogenic E. coli in Egypt; 28 isolates (51.85%) were revealed by colony morphology and biochemical identification which then investigated for their serogroups and only 18\/28 isolates were serotyped. The most prevalent serotypes were O115, O142, O158, O55, O125, O114, O27, O20, and O15. By application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 83.3% (15\/18) of the serotyped isolates were confirmed to be E. coli, and 93.3% (14\/15), 46.6% (7\/15), and 20% (3\/15) of isolates harbored the iss, iutA, and fimH genes, respectively. Virulence testing of the selected 13 APEC isolates on the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks revealed them to be highly virulent (15.4%), moderately virulent (23.1%), and avirulent (61.5%); however, all isolates (100%) were extremely virulent towards SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Antibiotic resistance (100% of isolates (n = 13)) was observed for ampicillin, amoxycillin\u2013clavulanic acid, and tetracyclines, colistin (92.31%; 12\/13), doxycycline and spiramycin (84.62%; 11\/13), florfenicol (69.23%; 9\/13), cefotaxime (61.54%; 8\/13), and ciprofloxacin (53.85%; 7\/13). The highest percentage of sensitivity (53.85% of isolates; 7\/13) was recorded for ofloxacin and enrofloxacin followed by gentamycin (46.15%; 6\/13). The results suggest that the diagnosis of APEC with PCR is rapid and more accurate than traditional methods for E. coli identification; moreover, the presence or absence of iss, iutA, and\/or fimH genes is not an indicator of in vivo pathogenicity of APEC. Thus, further studies, including a wider range of virulence genes and gene sequencing, are required. In addition, serotyping has no effect on the virulence of APEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T10:09:57Z","timestamp":1581674997000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Incidence, Pathotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli among Diseased Broiler Chicks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ashraf M.","family":"Awad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of poultry and fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehira 22758, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahed A.","family":"El-Shall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of poultry and fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehira 22758, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doha S.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of poultry and fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehira 22758, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E. Abd","family":"El-Hack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3247-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Swelum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Ebaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Komany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda H.","family":"Sammour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Sedeik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of poultry and fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehira 22758, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2298","article-title":"The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Tenaillon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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