{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:28:20Z","timestamp":1792114100103,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21617 and 21956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21617 and 21956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Previous studies reported human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in middle ear tumors, whereas these viruses have been poorly investigated in chronic inflammatory middle ear diseases. We investigated HPVs in non-tumor middle ear diseases, including chronic otitis media (COM). Methods. COM specimens (n = 52), including chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) (n =38) and cholesteatoma (COMC) (n = 14), as well as normal middle ear (NME) specimens (n = 56) were analyzed. HPV sequences and DNA loads were analyzed by quantitative-PCR. HPV genotyping was performed by direct sequencing. Results. HPV DNA was detected in 23% (12\/52) of COM and in 30.4% (17\/56) of NME (p &gt; 0.05). Specifically, HPV DNA sequences were found in 26.3% (10\/38) of CSOM and in 14.3% (2\/14) of COMC (p &gt; 0.05). Interestingly, the HPV DNA load was higher in COMC (mean 7.47 copy\/cell) than in CSOM (mean 1.02 copy\/cell) and NME (mean 1.18 copy\/cell) (P = 0.03 and P = 0.017 versus CSOM and NME, respectively). HPV16 and HPV18 were the main genotypes detected in COMC, CSOM and NME. Conclusions. These data suggest that HPV may infect the middle ear mucosa, whereas HPV-positive COMCs are associated with higher viral DNA loads as compared to NME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1584590054000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["High Human Papillomavirus DNA loads in Inflammatory Middle Ear Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Malagutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Charles","family":"Rotondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cerritelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Melchiorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"De Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Selvatici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Oton-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Stomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Borin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Mores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Tognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pelucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"913","article-title":"The role of p16 expression as a predictive marker in HPV-positive oral SCCHN\u2014A retrospective single-center study","volume":"33","author":"Tahtali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.05.070","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and 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