{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:46:08Z","timestamp":1790793968710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31-111780\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31-111780\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For clinical epidemiology specialists, connecting the genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis to sources of infection or particular sites has become somewhat of a holy grail. It is very difficult to trace the infection history of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients as there may be an incubation period of five to 15 years before reliable diagnosis. Moreover, the variability of parasitic manifestations in human patients raises the possibility of genetically different isolates of E. multilocularis having different levels of pathogenicity. Thus, the exposure of human patients to different strains or genotypes circulating in geographically different environments may lead to different disease outcomes. Molecular tools, such as the microsatellite marker EmsB, were required to investigate these aspects. This genetic marker was previously tested on a collection of 1211 European field samples predominantly of animal origin, referenced on a publicly available database. In this study, we investigated a panel of 66 metacestode samples (between 1981 and 2019) recovered surgically from 63 patients diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis originating from four European countries (France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium). In this study, we identified nine EmsB profiles, five of which were found in patients located in the same areas of France and Switzerland. One profile was detected on both sides of the French-Swiss border, whereas most patients from non-endemic regions clustered together in another profile. EmsB profiles appeared to remain stable over time because similar profiles were detected in patients who underwent surgery recently and patients who underwent surgery some time ago. This study sheds light on possible pathways of contamination in humans, including proximity contamination in some cases, and the dominant contamination profiles in Europe, particularly for extrahepatic lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1586833801000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Genotyping Echinococcus multilocularis in Human Alveolar Echinococcosis Patients: An EmsB Microsatellite Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Knapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Universit\u00e9 Franche-Comt\u00e9, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Gottstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Berne, 3001 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6870-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bretagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Lariboisi\u00e8re-Saint Louis-Fernand Widal Hospital, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75475 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR INTERTRYP, IRD\/CIRAD, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Umhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technop\u00f4le Agricole et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Richou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Bresson-Hadni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Universit\u00e9 Franche-Comt\u00e9, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Millon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Universit\u00e9 Franche-Comt\u00e9, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Thompson, R.C.A., and Lymbery, A.J. 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