{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:39:40Z","timestamp":1791725980696,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, India","award":["DBT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One-third of the world\u2019s population is estimated to be latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Recently, we found that dormant Mtb hides in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) post-chemotherapy in mice model and in clinical subjects. It is known that residual Mtb post-chemotherapy may be responsible for increased relapse rates. However, strategies for Mtb clearance post-chemotherapy are lacking. In this study, we engineered and formulated novel bone-homing PEGylated liposome nanoparticles (BTL-NPs) which actively targeted the bone microenvironment leading to Mtb clearance. Targeting of BM-resident Mtb was carried out through bone-homing liposomes tagged with alendronate (Ald). BTL characterization using TEM and DLS showed that the size of bone-homing isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) BTLs were 100 \u00b1 16.3 nm and 84 \u00b1 18.4 nm, respectively, with the encapsulation efficiency of 69.5% \u00b1 4.2% and 70.6% \u00b1 4.7%. Further characterization of BTLs, displayed by sustained in vitro release patterns, increased in vivo tissue uptake and enhanced internalization of BTLs in RAW cells and CD271+BM-MSCs. The efficacy of isoniazid (INH)- and rifampicin (RIF)-loaded BTLs were shown using a mice model where the relapse rate of the tuberculosis was decreased significantly in targeted versus non-targeted groups. Our findings suggest that BTLs may play an important role in developing a clinical strategy for the clearance of dormant Mtb post-chemotherapy in BM cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T02:55:41Z","timestamp":1589424941000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Preclinical Evidence of Nanomedicine Formulation to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Its Bone Marrow Niche"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jaishree","family":"Garhyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surender","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinoth","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"},{"name":"Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, March 20). 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