{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:13:35Z","timestamp":1792199615173,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto PremieRpet","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) has an unclear pathogenesis with the oral microbiome and viral infections, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), thought to contribute. Although the relationship between the FIV status and FCGS is not clear, one theory is FIV-induced immune dysregulation could contribute to oral dysbiosis, promoting FCGS development. To further understand the relationship between FCGS, FIV infection, and the oral microbiome, oral cavities of forty cats fitting within 4 groups (FIV- without gingivitis, FIV+ without gingivitis, FIV- with gingivitis, FIV+ with gingivitis) were swabbed. Next generation sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene was performed for bacterial community profiling. No differences in diversity were observed, however, analysis of the data in terms of gingivitis revealed differences in the relative abundance of taxa and predicted functional output. Odoribacter spp., a bacteria associated with oral disease, was found in higher relative abundances in cats with the highest gingivitis grade. Cats with gingivitis were also found to harbor communities more involved in production of short-chain fatty acids, which have been connected with oral disease. Significant findings associated with the FIV status were few and of low impact, suggesting any connection between the FIV status and FCGS is likely not related to the oral microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Influence of the FIV Status and Chronic Gingivitis on Feline Oral Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Older","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-2117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia de Oliveira Sampaio","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Rodrigues","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariel Dalm\u00e9dico","family":"Policano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Aparecida Cruz dos","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano Bonfim","family":"Carregaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8224-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0164-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria Maria Lara","family":"Carregaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(88)90123-9","article-title":"Bacteriology of periodontal disease in the cat","volume":"33","author":"Mallonee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(89)90073-4","article-title":"Bacteroides species from the oral cavity and oral-associated diseases of cats","volume":"19","author":"Love","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.002","article-title":"Identification of bacteria associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods","volume":"148","author":"Dolieslager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18761274","article-title":"Prevalence of microorganisms associated with feline gingivostomatitis","volume":"21","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.08.017","article-title":"The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries","volume":"162","author":"Costalonga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48852-4","article-title":"The subgingival microbial community of feline periodontitis and gingivostomatitis: Characterization and comparison between diseased and healthy cats","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(91)90048-H","article-title":"Chronic oral infections of cats and their relationship to persistent oral carriage of feline calici-, immunodeficiency, or leukemia viruses","volume":"29","author":"Tenorio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.13.336","article-title":"Prevalence of feline calicivirus, feline leukaemia virus and antibodies to FIV in cats with chronic stomatitis","volume":"124","author":"Knowles","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.05.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the association of Bartonella species, feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus with chronic feline gingivostomatitis","volume":"10","author":"Quimby","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"369","article-title":"Relevance of feline calicivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, feline herpesvirus and Bartonella henselae in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis","volume":"123","author":"Belgard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Berl. Munch Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.10.007","article-title":"Association of Bartonella species, feline calicivirus, and feline herpesvirus 1 infection with gingivostomatitis in cats","volume":"12","author":"Dowers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.02.004","article-title":"Oral inflammation in small animals","volume":"43","author":"Lommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.8.916","article-title":"Association between oral health status and retrovirus test results in cats","volume":"245","author":"Kornya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.07.001","article-title":"Virus-host interaction in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection","volume":"36","author":"Taniwaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0140-5","article-title":"The oral and conjunctival microbiotas in cats with and without feline immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"46","author":"Weese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060040","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological profiles of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive Brazilians undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy and HIV-seronegative Brazilians with chronic periodontitis","volume":"78","author":"Goncalves","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K., Chandra, J., Retuerto, M., Sikaroodi, M., Brown, R.E., Jurevic, R., Salata, R.A., Lederman, M.M., Gillevet, P.M., and Ghannoum, M.A. (2014). Oral mycobiome analysis of HIV-infected patients: Identification of Pichia as an antagonist of opportunistic fungi. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003996"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02954-13","article-title":"HIV infection and microbial diversity in saliva","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000128","article-title":"The oral microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals","volume":"64","author":"Kistler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0128OC","article-title":"Multicenter Comparison of Lung and Oral Microbiomes of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Individuals","volume":"192","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31652","article-title":"A bacterial genotoxin causes virus reactivation and genomic instability in Epstein-Barr virus infected epithelial cells pointing to a role of co-infection in viral oncogenesis","volume":"144","author":"Frisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00009-10","article-title":"HIV-1 reactivation induced by the periodontal pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis involves Toll-like receptor 2 [corrected] and 9 activation in monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x","article-title":"Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology","volume":"27","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489220","article-title":"Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Infection in Cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"15","author":"Lloret","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.11.003","article-title":"Novel bacterial phylotypes associated with the healthy feline oral cavity and feline chronic gingivostomatitis","volume":"94","author":"Dolieslager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489215","article-title":"Pasteurella multocida infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"15","author":"Lloret","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(90)90114-B","article-title":"The obligate and facultatively anaerobic bacterial flora of the normal feline gingival margin","volume":"22","author":"Love","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.07.003","article-title":"Oral Disease and Microbiota in Free-Roaming Cats","volume":"32","author":"Whyte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01489.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of volatile fatty acids in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis before and after nonsurgical therapy","volume":"47","author":"Qiqiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzeznik, M., Triba, M.N., Levy, P., Jungo, S., Botosoa, E., Duchemann, B., Le Moyec, L., Bernaudin, J.F., Savarin, P., and Guez, D. (2017). Identification of a discriminative metabolomic fingerprint of potential clinical relevance in saliva of patients with periodontitis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182767"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760010801","article-title":"Short-chain carboxylic acid concentration in human gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"76","author":"Niederman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.12.1435","article-title":"Effects of butyrate and propionate on the adhesion, growth, cell cycle kinetics, and protein synthesis of cultured human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"70","author":"Jeng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63458-0","article-title":"Transfer of Bacteroides splanchnicus to Odoribacter gen. nov. as Odoribacter splanchnicus comb. nov., and description of Odoribacter denticanis sp. nov., isolated from the crevicular spaces of canine periodontitis patients","volume":"58","author":"Hardham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12319","article-title":"Molecular identification of black-pigmented bacteria from subgingival samples of cats suffering from periodontal disease","volume":"56","author":"Laguna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0169-y","article-title":"Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.5.125","article-title":"Salivary and serum immunoglobulin levels in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis","volume":"152","author":"Harley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, G.M., Maffei, V.J., Zaneveld, J., Yurgel, S.N., Brown, J.R., Taylor, C.M., Huttenhower, C., and Langille, M.G.I. (2019). PICRUSt2: An improved and extensible approach for metagenome inference. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/672295"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Team, R.C. (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., and Solymos, P. (2020, April 24). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-5. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/vegan\/vegan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Stat. Methodol.)"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/5\/383\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1760174976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/5\/383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9050383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9050383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]}}}