{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:19:23Z","timestamp":1761581963677,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31972650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program","award":["G2016060201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2016060201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinchu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huochun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing","volume":"3","author":"Auger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1086\/594371","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: An emerging human threat","volume":"199","author":"Segura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/596763","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: An emerging human pathogen","volume":"48","author":"Wertheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.28595","article-title":"Streptococcus suis infection: An emerging\/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases?","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-2-271","article-title":"Environmentally regulated genes of Streptococcus suis: Identification by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets","volume":"147","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13987","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli increase extracytoplasmic polysaccharide biosynthesis for serum resistance in response to bloodstream signals","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, M.D., Peters, K.M., Sarkar, S., Lukowski, S.W., Allsopp, L.P., Gomes Moriel, D., Achard, M.E., Totsika, M., Marshall, V.M., and Upton, M. (2013). The serum resistome of a globally disseminated multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli clone. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003834"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146014","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01460-14","article-title":"Fur is the master regulator of the extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli response to serum","volume":"5","author":"Huja","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, H., Zhu, H., and Lu, C. (2009). Use of in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) for the identification of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in vivo-induced bacterial protein antigens. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-201"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2008.07.002","article-title":"Iron availability and infection","volume":"1790","author":"Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"137","article-title":"Contribution of the FeoB transporter to Streptococcus suis virulence","volume":"12","author":"Aranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05305-11","article-title":"TroA of Streptococcus suis is required for manganese acquisition and full virulence","volume":"193","author":"Rebel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"72","article-title":"Inactivation of the gene encoding zinc-binding lipoprotein 103 impairs the infectivity of Streptococcus suis","volume":"76","author":"Aranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res. Rev. Can. De Rech. Vet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.12.025","article-title":"A novel signature-tagged mutagenesis system for Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"122","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00001-14","article-title":"The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system: Regulation by protein phosphorylation and phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions","volume":"78","author":"Deutscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.04.018","article-title":"Identification of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 genes preferentially expressed in the natural host","volume":"300","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.041822.113","article-title":"The Streptococcus suis transcriptional landscape reveals adaptation mechanisms in pig blood and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0212-8","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx: Composition, functions, and visualization","volume":"454","author":"Reitsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5512.2364","article-title":"Intracellular functions of N-linked glycans","volume":"291","author":"Helenius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07750.x","article-title":"The genome and surface proteome of Capnocytophaga canimorsus reveal a key role of glycan foraging systems in host glycoproteins deglycosylation","volume":"81","author":"Manfredi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23485-1","article-title":"Proteomic and bioinformatic pipeline to screen the ligands of S. pneumoniae interacting with human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Pulzova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12901","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407344111","article-title":"Efficient utilization of complex N-linked glycans is a selective advantage for Bacteroides fragilis in extraintestinal infections","volume":"111","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynskey, N.N., Reglinski, M., Calay, D., Siggins, M.K., and Sriskandan, S. (2017). Multi-functional mechanisms of immune evasion by the streptococcal complement inhibitor C5a peptidase. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006493"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.12.005","article-title":"Characterization of IgA1 protease as a surface protective antigen of Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01623","article-title":"Streptococcal Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Suppresses Antibody-Mediated Inflammation In Vivo","volume":"9","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00897F","article-title":"The ENGases: Versatile biocatalysts for the production of homogeneous N-linked glycopeptides and glycoproteins","volume":"46","author":"Fairbanks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.16.14","article-title":"EndoSd: An IgG glycan hydrolyzing enzyme in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae","volume":"11","author":"Shadnezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robb, M., Hobbs, J.K., Woodiga, S.A., Shapiro-Ward, S., and Boraston, A.B. (2017). Molecular Characterization of N-glycan Degradation and Transport in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Contribution to Virulence. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006090"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"483","article-title":"Virulence genotyping and population analysis of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from China","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evol. Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, W., Wannemuehler, Y., Dell\u2019anna, G., Nicholson, B., Barbieri, N.L., Kariyawasam, S., Feng, Y., Logue, C.M., Nolan, L.K., and Li, G. (2013). A novel two-component signaling system facilitates uropathogenic Escherichia coli\u2019s ability to exploit abundant host metabolites. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003428"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3904-3914.2002","article-title":"Streptococcus-zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Neely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.02.007","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of zebrafish infected with Streptococcus suis","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17467-y","article-title":"Characterization of novel endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Sphingobacterium species, Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps militaris that specifically hydrolyze fucose-containing oligosaccharides and human IgG","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0037719","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00377-19","article-title":"Identification of an Autorepressing Two-Component Signaling System That Modulates Virulence in Streptococcus suis Serotype 2","volume":"87","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00731704","article-title":"Separation and analysis of the glycoform populations of ribonuclease B using capillary electrophoresis","volume":"9","author":"Rudd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01125-09","article-title":"Three surface exoglycosidases from Streptococcus pneumoniae, NanA, BgaA, and StrH, promote resistance to opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils","volume":"78","author":"Dalia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00316-06","article-title":"Identification of a Candidate Streptococcus pneumoniae core genome and regions of diversity correlated with invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"74","author":"Obert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti057","article-title":"PSORTb v.2.0: Expanded prediction of bacterial protein subcellular localization and insights gained from comparative proteome analysis","volume":"21","author":"Gardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti822","article-title":"SubLoc: A server\/client suite for protein subcellular location based on SOAP","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01601-08","article-title":"Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae BgaC protein as a novel surface beta-galactosidase with specific hydrolysis activity for the Galbeta1-3GlcNAc moiety of oligosaccharides","volume":"191","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00655.x","article-title":"Pneumococcal surface proteins: When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts","volume":"27","author":"Hermoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02610.x","article-title":"The pavA gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a fibronectin-binding protein that is essential for virulence","volume":"41","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2330613","article-title":"Structural analysis of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of human complement component C3","volume":"233","author":"Hirani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1006\/plas.2001.1532","article-title":"Thermosensitive suicide vectors for gene replacement in Streptococcus suis","volume":"46","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0279","article-title":"Utilization of the ComRS system for the rapid markerless deletion of chromosomal genes in Streptococcus suis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700294","article-title":"Immunoproteomics of extracellular proteins of Chinese virulent strains of Streptococcus suis type 2","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00615-15","article-title":"Two Functional Type VI Secretion Systems in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Are Involved in Different Pathogenic Pathways","volume":"83","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01922","article-title":"Temporal Regulation of the Transformasome and Competence Development in Streptococcus suis","volume":"7","author":"Zaccaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.053","article-title":"The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kelley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.2","article-title":"Protein structure prediction on the Web: A case study using the Phyre server","volume":"4","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.01.006","article-title":"Type VI secretion: A beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"11","author":"Bingle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394Ct Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28521-0","article-title":"To have neighbour\u2019s fare: Extending the molecular toolbox for Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"152","author":"Kloosterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00274","article-title":"ICESsuHN105, a Novel Multiple Antibiotic Resistant ICE in Streptococcus suis Serotype 5 Strain HN105","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/5\/387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:00Z","timestamp":1760175000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/5\/387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9050387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9050387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}}}