{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:32:56Z","timestamp":1791289976772,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BAS-USDA Program in Agriculture and Life Sciences","award":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli is known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of E. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes in E. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive for E. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9\u201311 and 12\u201313 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3\u20135 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T10:02:45Z","timestamp":1590660165000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mst. Sonia","family":"Parvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Yamin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emdadul Haque","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Taohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, G.S., Waits, K., Nordstrom, L., Grande, H., Weaver, B., Papp, K., Horwinski, J., Koch, B., Hungate, B.A., and Liu, C.M. (2018). Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from retail poultry meat with different antibiotic use claims. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1322-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl122","article-title":"Effect of human vicinity on antimicrobial resistance and integrons in animal faecal Escherichia coli","volume":"57","author":"Skurnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"176","article-title":"A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses","volume":"3","author":"Addis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1086\/597292","article-title":"Human health hazards from antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli of animal origin","volume":"48","author":"Hammerum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01763","article-title":"Some like it hot: Heat resistance of Escherichia coli in food","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.028","article-title":"Development and validation of a surrogate strain cocktail to evaluate bactericidal effects of pressure on verotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"205","author":"McMullen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00932","article-title":"Genetic determinants of heat resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Mercer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(00)00054-6","article-title":"The effect of short-time microwave exposures on inoculated pathogens on chicken and the shelf-life of uninoculated chicken meat","volume":"45","author":"Goksoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.2001.00424.x","article-title":"Induction of CspA, an E. coli major cold-shock protein, upon nutritional upshift at 37\u00b0 C","volume":"6","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00002.x","article-title":"Stress Response of Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1279-z","article-title":"Rates of chilling to 0 \u00b0C: Implications for the survival of microorganisms and relationship with membrane fluidity modifications","volume":"77","author":"Dumont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"358","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of foodborne illness","volume":"92","author":"Switaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006293422601","article-title":"The risk of the hemolytic\u2013uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infections","volume":"342","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111153","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950\u20132002","volume":"18","author":"Tadesse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01988.x","article-title":"Transfer of antibiotic resistance between commensal and pathogenic members of the Enterobacteriaceae under ileal conditions","volume":"95","author":"Blake","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.6.1350","article-title":"Beta-lactamases responsible for resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis isolates recovered in South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Pitout","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in northern Portugal","volume":"2014","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004","article-title":"Growing group of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: The CTX-M enzymes","volume":"48","author":"Bonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.04.005","article-title":"Resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens","volume":"300","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1637\/9686-021411-Reg.1","article-title":"High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli from large- and small-scale poultry farms in Bangladesh","volume":"55","author":"Hasan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of inhibitor resistant beta lactamase producing E. coli in human and poultry origin of Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Parvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Azad, M., Rahman, A., Rahman, M., Amin, R., Begum, M., Ara, I., Fries, R., Husna, A., Khairalla, A.S., and Badruzzaman, A. (2019). Susceptibility and multidrug resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swabs of live broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030118"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1043","article-title":"Public health risks of enterobacterial isolates producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases or AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in food and food-producing animals: An EU perspective of epidemiology, analytical methods, risk factors, and control options","volume":"56","author":"Liebana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1936","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamase, AmpC-producing, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in retail broiler chicken meat, Italy","volume":"12","author":"Ghodousi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, N., Tahsin, N., Tarrannum, N., Salihee, R.Z., Tarannum, S., and Sujana, J.T.M. (2019, January 13\u201314). Factors Influencing the Consumers\u2019 Perceptions Towards Frozen and Ready-to-Cook Food Products in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 1st Global International Conference 2019, Kathmandu, Nepal.","DOI":"10.53056\/njmsr-2019.001.1"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"45","article-title":"Antibiogram of pre-processed raw chicken meat from different supershops of Dhaka city, Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allied Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"6720","article-title":"Bacteriological assessments of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat at different super shops in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D.R., Dodd, C.E.R., Stekel, D.J., Ramsden, S.J., and Hobman, J.L. (2016). Multidrug resistant, extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from a dairy farm. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 92.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw013"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2019.97036","article-title":"Bacteriological analysis and public health impact of broiler meat: A study on Nalitabari Paurosova, Sherpur, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Faruque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v15i2.35525","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from milk, beef and chicken meat in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bangl. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.996-1000","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in foods of animal origin and human clinical samples in Chhattisgarh, India","volume":"9","author":"Bhoomika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7960268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant bacteria from raw meat of buffalo and chicken, Nepal","volume":"2019","author":"Saud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey127","article-title":"Comparative genetic characterization of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken meat produced by integrated broiler operations in South Korea","volume":"97","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1608","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods including chicken meat in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kawamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0708","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in domestic and imported chicken meats in Japan","volume":"80","author":"Nahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouger, A., Tresse, O., and Zagorec, M. (2017). Bacterial contaminants of poultry meat: Sources, species, and dynamics. Microorganisms, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5030050"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120513","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds and free-range poultry, Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"17","article-title":"Isolation of some enteropathogens from retailed poultry meat in Alexandria Province","volume":"37","author":"Samaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2018.8945","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler meat in Jamalpur, Tangail, Netrokona and Kishoreganj districts of Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"999","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and antibiogram studies of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli from boiler meat in some selected areas of Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145923","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in bacteria","volume":"78","author":"Nikaido","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.122-A160","article-title":"Reduced antibiotic use in livestock: How Denmark tackled resistance","volume":"122","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.011","article-title":"Emergence of resistance to antibacterial agents: The role of quaternary ammonium compounds\u2014A critical review","volume":"39","author":"Tattevin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040480","article-title":"Induction of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella strains after adaptation to disinfectant commonly used on farms in Vietnam","volume":"4","author":"Nhung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-139","article-title":"Salmonella and Escherichia coli contamination of poultry meat from a processing plant and retail markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Adeyanju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1086\/340246","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals","volume":"34","author":"McEwen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1954","article-title":"Characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in retail meats and shrimp at a local market in Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.177","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial resistance patterns and integrons in human fecal Escherichia coli in Taiwan","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.1.164","article-title":"Properties of plasmids responsible for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases","volume":"35","author":"Jacoby","year":"1991","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.001","article-title":"An emerging public health problem: Acquired carbapenemase-producing microorganisms are present in food-producing animals, their environment, companion animals and wild birds","volume":"171","author":"Guerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4593-4598.2000","article-title":"Characterization of chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistance in Escherichia coli associated with bovine diarrhea","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"WHO (2010). Laboratory protocol. Isolation of Salmonella spp. From Food and Animal Faeces, WHO. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"117","article-title":"Heat treatment of bacteria: A simple method of DNA extraction for molecular techniques","volume":"41","author":"Dashti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kuwait Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-175","article-title":"A distinctive\u2019 microbial signature\u2019 in celiac pediatric patients","volume":"10","author":"Schippa","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"CLSI (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Wayne State University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.4.867","article-title":"Extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer beta-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: Hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns","volume":"10","author":"Jarlier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/6\/420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:31Z","timestamp":1760175211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/6\/420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9060420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9060420","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0153.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0153.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]}}}