{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:33:25Z","timestamp":1784939605163,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis is reported in Europe but is unclear whether the transmission of infection still occurs. We report a previously unpublished human case in an Italian teen and perform a systematic review of literature on autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis in Europe to investigate the current dynamic of transmission. Overall, 109 papers published after 1987 were included and one previously unpublished Italian case was added. Eighty case reports were retrieved and 42 of them (52.5%) had severe strongyloidiasis. Most cases were diagnosed in Spain, Italy and France. The median age was 58, the most represented age group was 61\u201370 years, 11 patients were under 30, and 7 of them were diagnosed after 2000. Epidemiological studies on human strongyloidiasis showed prevalence ranging from 0.56% to 28%. Overall, agriculture work, mine work and walking barefoot were the most commonly reported risk factors for infection. Canine strongyloidiasis was reported mainly in Italy (68 cases), but a few cases occurred also in Iceland, Finland, England, Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, Slovakia, Romania and Greece. Autochthonous strongyloidiasis is still reported in Europe and sporadic transmission still occurs. Health care professionals should be aware of this issue to identify infected subjects and avoid adverse outcomes, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Further investigations are needed to clarify the zoonotic transmission of this nematode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T04:36:09Z","timestamp":1591245369000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Autochthonous Human and Canine Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Europe: Report of a Human Case in An Italian Teen and Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Letizia","family":"Ottino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Buonfrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8820-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Paradies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeno","family":"Bisoffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0295-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Maria","family":"Rossolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bartoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Zammarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000834","article-title":"Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species","volume":"144","author":"Nutman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1086\/630201","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in transplant patients","volume":"49","author":"Roxby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001116","article-title":"Strongyloides spp. infections of veterinary importance","volume":"144","author":"Thamsborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population","volume":"17","author":"Keiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4r, F., Trostdorf, U., Giardina, F., Khieu, V., Muth, S., Marti, H., Vounatsou, P., and Odermatt, P. (2013). Strongyloides stercoralis: Global Distribution and Risk Factors. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002288"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonfrate, D., Requena-Mendez, A., Angheben, A., Mu\u00f1oz, J., Gobbi, F., Van Den Ende, J., and Bisoffi, Z. (2013). Severe strongyloidiasis: A systematic review of case reports. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-78"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002559","article-title":"A retrospective study comparing agar plate culture, indirect immunofluorescence and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"144","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0214","article-title":"Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: A systematic review\u20141940\u20132010","volume":"85","author":"Starr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.022","article-title":"Parasitological and serological diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in domesticated dogs from southeastern Brazil","volume":"136","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"G922","article-title":"Functional alterations in jejunal myenteric neurons during inflammation in nematode-infected guinea pigs","volume":"275","author":"Palmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.041","article-title":"Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats","volume":"166","author":"Gates","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE12.022","article-title":"Studies on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes of dogs and owners awareness about zoonotic dog parasites in Hawassa Town, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Paulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Public Health Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.026","article-title":"Intestinal and lung parasites in owned dogs and cats from central Italy","volume":"193","author":"Riggio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.01.009","article-title":"Prevalence of dogs with intestinal parasites in Tochigi, Japan in 1979, 1991 and 2002","volume":"120","author":"Asano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5362-1","article-title":"The roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis in children, dogs, and soil inside and outside a segregated settlement in Eastern Slovakia: Frequent but hardly detectable parasite","volume":"116","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.016","article-title":"Evaluation of strongyloidiasis in kennel dogs and keepers by parasitological and serological assays","volume":"147","author":"Machado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05049-x","article-title":"A possible origin population of pathogenic intestinal nematodes, Strongyloides stercoralis, unveiled by molecular phylogeny","volume":"7","author":"Nagayasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-019-00186-x","article-title":"Advances in the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Strongyloides spp.","volume":"6","author":"Jaleta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barratt, J.L.N., Lane, M., Talundzic, E., Richins, T., Robertson, G., Formenti, F., Pritt, B., Verocai, G., Nascimento de Souza, J., and Mato Soares, N. (2019). A global genotyping survey of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni using deep amplicon sequencing. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007609"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2009-16","article-title":"Cross Infection of Strongyloides between Humans and Dogs in the Amami Islands, Japan","volume":"37","author":"Takano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00278-06","article-title":"Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Boscolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol. CVI"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.05.004","article-title":"Strongyloides infections of humans and great apes in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic and in degraded forest fragments in Bulindi, Uganda","volume":"65","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.12.001","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in faecal samples using real-time PCR","volume":"103","author":"Verweij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1179\/2295333715Y.0000000048","article-title":"Late onset of Strongyloides stercoralis meningitis in a retired Belgian miner","volume":"70","author":"Pypen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"807","article-title":"A case of systemic strongyloidiasis in an ex-coal miner with idiopathic colitis","volume":"7","author":"Martens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"787","article-title":"Fatal Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a young woman with lupus glomerulonephritis","volume":"18","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.11.036","article-title":"Rapid development of migratory, linear, and serpiginous lesions in association with immunosuppression","volume":"70","author":"Pichard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0578-9799","article-title":"Terminal ileum resection as a trigger for Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and ensuing serial sepsis in a 37-year-old patient with complicated Crohn\u2019s disease: A case report","volume":"56","author":"Brinar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.4.346","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an HIV positive patient","volume":"44","author":"Scaravilli","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000177","article-title":"Periumbilical purpura: Challenge and answer. Diagnosis: Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection","volume":"36","author":"Osio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2012.12.002","article-title":"Autochthonous strongyloidiasis, Bordeaux area, South-Western France","volume":"12","author":"Glize","year":"2014","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0761-8425(05)85640-2","article-title":"Massive haemoptysis associated with pulmonary Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfestation","volume":"22","author":"Collet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2005.05.003","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection simulating polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"26","author":"Masseau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100","article-title":"Indigenous strongyloidiasis: Apropos of a case","volume":"59","author":"Coton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Trop. Rev. Corps Sante Colon."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"116","article-title":"Autochthonous anguilluliasis in France","volume":"86","author":"Doury","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1990"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"292","article-title":"Autochthonous strongyloidiasis in the north of France","volume":"85","author":"Poirriez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1990"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1899","article-title":"Endemic strongyloidiasis in the Grenoble region","volume":"20","author":"Pinel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Presse Medicale Paris Fr. 1983"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"405","article-title":"Autochthonous strongyloidosis in an 81-year-old woman","volume":"114","author":"Ziegler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"370","article-title":"Rare Case of Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection in a Greek Patient with Chronic Eosinophilia","volume":"3","author":"Kechagia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"268","article-title":"Possible Strongyloides stercoralis infection diagnosed by videocapsule endoscopy in an immunocompetent patient with devastating diarrhea","volume":"25","author":"Xouris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21125","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in a bronchial washing specimen processed as conventional and Thin-Prep smears: Report of a case and a review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Grapsa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00429.x","article-title":"Strongyloides hyperinfection in a patient with sarcoidosis","volume":"8","author":"Almasidou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12703","article-title":"Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome presenting as enterococcal meningitis in a low-endemicity area","volume":"1","author":"Bamias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.09.007","article-title":"A case of chronic strongyloidiasis diagnosed by histopathological study","volume":"77","author":"Beltrame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1132954","article-title":"A Strongyloides stercoralis infection presenting as arthritis of sternoclavicular joint","volume":"26","author":"Aragona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.03.002","article-title":"Sytemic strongyloidiasis and primary aspergillosis of digestive tract in a patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"35","author":"Marchesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309356290","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus and strongyloidiasis: A multifaceted connection","volume":"19","author":"Caramaschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"253","article-title":"Eosinophilia and Strongyloides stercoralis infestation: Case report","volume":"7","author":"Tassara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"607","article-title":"Mistaken diagnosis of eosinophilic colitis","volume":"31","author":"Corsetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981922421","article-title":"AIDS and strongyloidiasis","volume":"9","author":"Gulletta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-199609000-00014","article-title":"Hyperacute pneumonitis in a patient with overwhelming Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"13","author":"Casati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"45","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Mariotta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"234","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in a region of northwestern Italy. An epidemiological note and presentation of a case of eosinophilic infiltration of the lung","volume":"86","author":"Ronchetto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Recenti Prog. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"186","article-title":"Chronic abdominal pain and eosinophilia in a patient from Southern Italy","volume":"82","author":"Hanck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.08.002","article-title":"Two donor-related infections in a heart transplant recipient: One common, the other a tropical surprise","volume":"29","author":"Kampinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transpl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13008","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13008","article-title":"Donor-derived strongyloidiasis after organ transplantation in Norway","volume":"21","author":"Nordheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.02.019","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: Case Report","volume":"50","author":"Macau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.810103","article-title":"\u201cSurprise\u201d in the evolution of chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with severe strongyloidiasis under corticotherapy: \u201chygienic paradox\u201d?","volume":"35","author":"Gluhovschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"367","article-title":"Ascites with Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with acute alcoholic pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Drug","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.08.014","article-title":"Donor-derived Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome after simultaneous kidney\/pancreas transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Galiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"24","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a Spanish regional hospital: Not just an imported disease","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semerg.2016.03.007","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis native to Asturias","volume":"43","author":"Contreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semergen"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"442","article-title":"Pulmonary Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"52","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0610","article-title":"Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Stool Detects Transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis from an Infected Donor to Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"94","author":"Saugar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"437","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection: A series of cases diagnosed in an allergy department in Spain","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"209","article-title":"Severe pneumonia in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02828.x","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection transmitted by liver allograft in a transplant recipient","volume":"9","author":"Bernal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"482","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in renal transplant recipients","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nefrol. Publ. Soc. Esp. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.017756","article-title":"Strongyloides stercolaris infection mimicking a malignant tumour in a non-immunocompromised patient. Diagnosis by bronchoalveolar cytology","volume":"58","author":"Mayayo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.10.002","article-title":"Disseminated strongyloidiasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Olmos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"477","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the south of Galicia","volume":"20","author":"Gimena","year":"2003","journal-title":"An. Med. Interna Madr. Spain 1984"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"430","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a cortico-dependent patient with chronic airflow obstruction","volume":"32","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"431","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Batista","year":"1992","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"451","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralys: Una peculiar forma de exacerbaci\u00f3n en la EPOC","volume":"44","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"12","article-title":"Pulmonary Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"11","author":"Dogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6910","article-title":"Nonresponsive celiac disease due to Strongyloides stercoralis infestation","volume":"51","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5505\/tjtes.2011.51196","article-title":"Gastric perforation caused by Strongyloides stercoralis: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Celebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ulus. Travma Ve Acil Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-27","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Altintop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"390","article-title":"Peritonitis associated with Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis","volume":"2","author":"Sav","year":"2009","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"48","article-title":"Gastric infection by Strongyloides stercoralis: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Yaldiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000139936.20116.A7","article-title":"Successful ivermectin treatment of hepatic strongyloidiasis presenting with severe eosinophilia","volume":"97","author":"Gulbas","year":"2004","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2003.41.4.239","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis associated with amebiasis and giardiaisis in an immunocompetent boy presented with acute abdomen","volume":"41","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1086\/339753","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis eggs in a urethral smear after bone marrow transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Steiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"381","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a patient with AIDS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Salzberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1946"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000128597","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis: A rare cause of obstructive duodenal stenosis","volume":"77","author":"Juchems","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Perez, A., Roure D\u00edez, S., Belhassen-Garcia, M., Torr\u00fas-Tendero, D., Perez-Arellano, J.L., Cabezas, T., Soler, C., D\u00edaz-Men\u00e9ndez, M., Navarro, M., and Trevi\u00f1o, B. (2018). Management of severe strongyloidiasis attended at reference centers in Spain. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006272"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1597-1","article-title":"Spectrum and burden of neglected tropical diseases observed in an infectious and tropical diseases unit in Florence, Italy (2000\u20132015)","volume":"12","author":"Zammarchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0799-1","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome: A case series and a review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Geri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1792-HOGADS","article-title":"Histopathology of gastric and duodenal Strongyloides stercoralis locations in fifteen immunocompromised subjects","volume":"130","author":"Rivasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"81","article-title":"Agricultural occupation and strongyloidiasis. A case-control study","volume":"201","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007632028471","article-title":"A retrospective study of autochthonous strongylo\u00efdiasis in R\u00e9gion Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (Southwestern France)","volume":"16","author":"Magnaval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"271","article-title":"Treinta casos de estrongiloidiasis en un centro de atenci\u00f3n primaria: Caracter\u00edsticas y posibles complicaciones","volume":"21","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aten. Primaria"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Systematic parasitic coprologic testing. Value in hospital kitchen staff","volume":"21","author":"Germanaud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presse Medicale Paris Fr. 1983"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33775-3","article-title":"Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and hyperinfection syndrome among renal allograft recipients in Central Europe","volume":"8","author":"Winnicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1605-19","article-title":"Screening of immunocompromised patients at risk of strongyloidiasis in western Turkey using ELISA and real-time PCR","volume":"47","author":"Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30310","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.31.30310","article-title":"Epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in northern Italy: Results of a multicentre case-control study, February 2013 to July 2014","volume":"21","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt053","article-title":"North Metropolitan Working Group on Imported Diseases. Strongyloides stercoralis, the hidden worm. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 70 cases diagnosed in the North Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Spain, 2003\u20132012","volume":"107","author":"Valerio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"179","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical picture of parasitic infections in the group of children and adolescents from north-east region of Poland","volume":"57","author":"Zukiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"28","article-title":"Intestinal parasitosis prevalence in outpatients and inpatients of C\u00e3 Granda IRCCS Foundation\u2014Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan: Data comparison between 1984\u20131985 and 2007\u20132009","volume":"19","author":"Grande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"166","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"34","author":"Samasti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitoloji Derg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090191","article-title":"Reemergence of strongyloidiasis, northern Italy","volume":"15","author":"Abrescia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01500.x","article-title":"Unsuspected strongyloidiasis in hospitalised elderly patients with and without eosinophilia","volume":"12","author":"Pirisi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.01.016","article-title":"Characteristics and geographical profile of strongyloidiasis in healthcare area 11 of the Valencian community (Spain)","volume":"49","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.336","article-title":"High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among farm workers on the Mediterranean coast of Spain: Analysis of the predictive factors of infection in developed countries","volume":"69","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.7.357","article-title":"Endemic strongyloidiasis on the Spanish Mediterranean coast","volume":"94","author":"Guzman","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM Mon. J. Assoc. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813564","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in an institution for the mentally retarded","volume":"94","author":"Gatti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"212","article-title":"Infection by Strongyloides stercoralis in the county of Safor, Spain","volume":"109","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Clin. (Barc.)"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"65","article-title":"Study of the incidence of intestinal and systemic parasitoses in a group of children with handicaps","volume":"54","author":"Panaitescu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Roum. Arch. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"679","article-title":"Endemic strongyloidiasis in northern Italy: Clinical and immunological aspects","volume":"68","author":"Genta","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001312","article-title":"Occurrence, diagnosis and follow-up of canine strongyloidiosis in naturally infected shelter dogs","volume":"146","author":"Iatta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"283","article-title":"Endoparasites of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in protected areas of Slovakia","volume":"63","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018001","article-title":"Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria spp. and other endoparasite infections in kennel dogs in central Italy","volume":"25","author":"Sauda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Paris Fr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1989-8","article-title":"Abundance, zoonotic potential and risk factors of intestinal parasitism amongst dog and cat populations: The scenario of Crete, Greece","volume":"10","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12478","article-title":"The prevalence of intestinal nematodes in cats and dogs from Lancashire, north-west England","volume":"57","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132361","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/132361","article-title":"Canine fecal contamination in a metropolitan area (Milan, north-western Italy): Prevalence of intestinal parasites and evaluation of health risks","volume":"2014","author":"Zanzani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.022","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis in dogs from Romania","volume":"184","author":"Mircean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.013","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of shepherd and hunting dogs in the Serres Prefecture, Northern Greece","volume":"148","author":"Papazahariadou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"61","article-title":"Spectrum of species and infection frequency of endoparasites in bitches and their puppies in south Germany","volume":"18","author":"Gothe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/macvetrev-2017-0032","article-title":"First Case of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in a Dog in the Republic of Macedonia","volume":"41","author":"Cvetkovikj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maced. Vet. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"55","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an immunosuppressed dog from France","volume":"51","author":"Cervone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. V\u00e9t. Clin."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2275-5","article-title":"Occurrence of strongyloidiasis in privately owned and sheltered dogs: Clinical presentation and treatment outcome","volume":"10","author":"Paradies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.16886\/IAS.2016.04","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis found in imported dogs, household dogs and kennel dogs in Iceland","volume":"29","author":"Eydal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Icel. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-49-37","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a Finnish kennel","volume":"49","author":"Dillard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.5.114","article-title":"Strongyloides in British greyhounds","volume":"122","author":"Gibbons","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barroso, M., Salvador, F., S\u00e1nchez-Montalv\u00e1, A., Bosch-Nicolau, P., and Molina, I. (2019). Strongyloides stercoralis infection: A systematic review of endemic cases in Spain. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007230"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001773","article-title":"Strongyloides","volume":"144","author":"Viney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"114","article-title":"Experimental Studies on Human and Primate Species of Strongyloides. II. The Development of Strongyloides in the Experimental Host","volume":"18","author":"Faust","year":"1933","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaleta, T.G., Zhou, S., Bemm, F.M., Sch\u00e4r, F., Khieu, V., Muth, S., Odermatt, P., Lok, J.B., and Streit, A. (2017). Different but overlapping populations of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs and humans-Dogs as a possible source for zoonotic strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005752"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beknazarova, M., Whiley, H., and Ross, K. (2017). Mass drug administration for the prevention human strongyloidiasis should consider concomitant treatment of dogs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005735"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, W., Judd, J.A., and Bradbury, R.S. (2018). The Unique Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and Implications for Public Health Action. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020053"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"342","article-title":"Sexual transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis among homosexual men","volume":"59","author":"Sorvillo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.02.028","article-title":"L\u2019anguillulose, une parasitose de transmission sexuelle?","volume":"48","author":"Usubillaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0895","article-title":"Morbidity Associated with Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Tamarozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"875","article-title":"Risk factors for strongyloidiasis hyperinfection and clinical outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Asdamongkol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0923","article-title":"Evidence-Based Guidelines for Screening and Management of Strongyloidiasis in Non-Endemic Countries","volume":"97","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12120","article-title":"AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice Parasitic infections in solid organ transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/6\/439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:35:26Z","timestamp":1760175326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/6\/439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9060439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9060439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]}}}