{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:10:54Z","timestamp":1788646254581,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease in Egypt. However, there are limited data available on the genetic diversity of brucellae circulating in Egypt and other Mediterranean areas. One hundred and nine Brucella (B.) strains were isolated from different animal species in thirteen Egyptian governorates. Multi-locus variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA-16) was employed to determine the geographical relatedness and the genetic diversity of a panel of selected Egyptian strains (n = 69), with strains originating from Italy (n = 49), Portugal (n = 52), Greece (n = 63), and Tunisia (n = 4). Egyptian B. melitensis strains clustered into two main clusters containing 21 genotypes. Egyptian B. abortus strains clustered into three main clusters containing nine genotypes. The genotypes were irregularly distributed over time and space in the study area. Egyptian strains of B. melitensis showed MLVA-16 patterns closer to that of Italian strains. Egyptian B. abortus strains isolated from cattle share the same genotype with strains from Portugal and similar to strains from Italy with low genetic diversity. Strains with similar MLVA patterns isolated from different governorates highlight the movement of the pathogen among governorates. Hence, it may also reflect the long endemicity of brucellosis in Egypt with earlier dispersal of types and great local genetic diversity. Open markets may contribute to cross-species transmission and dissemination of the new types nationwide. The presence of West Mediterranean lineages of B. melitensis and relatedness of B. abortus strains from the studied countries is a result of the socio-historical connections among the Mediterranean countries. Transnational eradication of brucellosis in the Mediterranean basin is highly demanded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T06:11:02Z","timestamp":1592892662000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["MLVA-16 Genotyping of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis Isolates from Different Animal Species in Egypt: Geographical Relatedness and the Mediterranean Lineage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal","family":"Wareth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Diasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Schmoock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawky A.","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Beskawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51744, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dali F.","family":"Khater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3233-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud E.R.","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda M.","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), 157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Edificio TecLabs, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loukia V.","family":"Ekateriniadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization- DEMETER, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evridiki","family":"Boukouvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization- DEMETER, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa Y.","family":"Abdel-Glil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.S.","family":"Menshawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Shamlaa Street, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta P\u00e9rez","family":"Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, PC 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Sakhria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias W.","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02622.x","article-title":"Brucellosis\u2014New aspects of an old disease","volume":"98","author":"Cutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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