{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:38Z","timestamp":1787029298486,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2016\/50315-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016\/50315-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the etiological agent of both American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in Honduras. Although AVL is the most severe clinical form of infection, recent studies have shown that human immune response to parasite infection can result in a clinical-immunological spectrum. The overall prevalence rate of infection and clinical-immunological profiles of the L. (L.) infantum infection in Amapala municipality, South Honduras was determined. We examined 576 individuals with diagnosis based on combined ELISA (IgG\/IgM) and DTH assays. We also used genus-specific kDNA PCR and Hsp70 PCR-RFLP for NUCL cases. Clinical evaluation found 82% asymptomatic and 18% symptomatic individuals. All symptomatic cases (n = 104) showing NUCL were positive for parasites. We identified L. (L.) infantum species in 100% of the skin lesion scrapings and in 90% of the blood samples from NUCL cases studied. A total of 320 asymptomatic individuals were exposed (ELISA+ and\/or DTH+), providing an overall L. (L.) infantum prevalence of 73.6%. Clinical, parasitological, and immunological evaluations suggest seven infection profiles, three asymptomatic and four symptomatic. This represents the first report on clinical and immunological features of human L. (L.) infantum-infection in Amapala municipality, Honduras.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical and Immunological Features of Human Leishmania (L.) infantum-Infection, Novel Insights Honduras, Central America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wilfredo","family":"Sosa-Ochoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Z\u00faniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Surveillance, University School Hospital, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres R\u00edos 4-2250, Cartago, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Venicia","family":"Araujo Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Maria","family":"Sandoval Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania L\u00facia","family":"Ribeiro da Matta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Pereira Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Tobias Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Bel\u00e9m 66090-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Institute, Par\u00e1 Federal University, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"Dalastra Laurenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2010). 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