{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:24:13Z","timestamp":1792034653570,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal parasites, helminths, and protozoa challenge health and welfare of pigs and deteriorate the sustainability of swine farms leading to monetary losses. A multicentric survey was conducted for approximately one year. Overall, 1150 fecal samples were collected from eight intensive farms in Greece at regular intervals and examined by flotation and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Age, season, and time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment were assessed as possible risk factors using binary regression models. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitism in pigs was 44.7%. The most frequently detected parasites in the studied population were the protozoa Balantidium coli (37.8%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (8.3%), Cystoisospora suis (6.0%), and the nematodes Ascaris suum (3.7%), Trichuris suis (2.5%), and Oesophagostomum spp. (1.4%). Distribution of intestinal parasites in different age groups was as expected. In autumn, the prevalence of Balantidium coli infection enhanced whereas the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. and Cystoisospora suis infections increased in spring. Time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment influenced Balantidium coli and Trichuris suis infection levels. Our results demonstrated that swine intestinal parasitism in intensive farms of Greece seems to be relatively common and highlighted the importance of proper laboratory examinations, as well as the need for tailored made control programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infections in Greek Swine Farrow-To-Finish Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Isaia","family":"Symeonidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tassis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios \u0399.","family":"Gelasakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni D.","family":"Tzika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00431-3","article-title":"Occurrence of helminthes in pig fattening units with different management systems in Northern Germany","volume":"96","author":"Joachim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.030","article-title":"Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"127","author":"Weng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., and Stevenson, G.W. (2012). Internal parasites: Helminths. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., and Stevenson, G.W. (2012). Coccidia and other Protozoa. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00223-9","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in swine in the Nordic countries: Prevalence and geographical distribution","volume":"76","author":"Roepstorff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vandekerckhove, E. (2018). The Use of Serology in the Control of Ascaris Suum Infections in Pigs. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Veterinary Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.15396","article-title":"Health and Production of Greek Organic Pig Farming: Current situation and perspectives","volume":"63","author":"Papatsiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002001592","article-title":"Impact of protein energy malnutrition on Trichuris suis infection in pigs concomitantly infected with Ascaris suum","volume":"124","author":"Pedersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.01.009","article-title":"Does meatiness of pigs depend on the level of gastro-intestinal parasites infection?","volume":"99","author":"Knecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000193","article-title":"Assessing the zoonotic potential of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis: Looking to the future from an analysis of the past","volume":"86","author":"Nejsum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.09.005","article-title":"Occurrence, clinical involvement and zoonotic potential of endoparasites infecting Swiss pigs","volume":"65","author":"Schubnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Necrotizing lung infection caused by the protozoan Balantidium coli","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1126-4","article-title":"Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France","volume":"23","author":"Ferry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnieder, T. (2006). Protozoen Infektionen des Schweines. Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Parasitologie, Parey. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-002-46960"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.029","article-title":"Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights","volume":"180","author":"Roepstorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"129","article-title":"Endoparasites in swine in different age groups and management systems","volume":"113","author":"Joachim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"287","article-title":"Prevalence and age-dependent occurrence of intestinal protozoan infections in suckling piglets","volume":"119","author":"Damriyasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-1201-z","article-title":"A survey of gastrointestinal pig parasites on free-range, organic and conventional pig farms in The Netherlands","volume":"29","author":"Eijck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0053","article-title":"Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites in Pigs in Poland\u2014The Influence of Factors Related to the Production System","volume":"61","author":"Kochanowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2015001200001","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03549657","article-title":"Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm","volume":"41","author":"Hindsbo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"243","article-title":"On Balantidium coli (Malmsten) and Balantidium suis (sp. nov.) with an account of their neuromotor apparatus","volume":"20","author":"McDonald","year":"1922","journal-title":"Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2011.06.008","article-title":"Genetic Heterogeneity in Internal Transcribed Spacer Genes of Balantidium coli (Litostomatea, Ciliophora)","volume":"162","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rose, J.B., and Jim\u00e9nez-Cisneros, B. (2017). Balantidium coli. Global Water Pathogens Project, Michigan State University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.019","article-title":"Amebae and ciliated protozoa as causal agents of waterborne zoonotic disease","volume":"126","author":"Schuster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in Oklahoma swine","volume":"45","author":"Morris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-08","article-title":"Current world status of Balantidium coli","volume":"21","author":"Schuster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr058","article-title":"From Host Immunity to Pathogen Invasion: The effects of helminth coinfection on the dynamics of microparasites","volume":"51","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00824.x","article-title":"Occurrence of Isospora suis in Germany, Switzerland and Austria","volume":"52","author":"Mundt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0859-3","article-title":"Porcine isosporosis: Infection dynamics, pathophysiology and immunology of experimental infections","volume":"119","author":"Worliczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.15.417","article-title":"Diarrhoea in nursing piglets associated with coccidiosis: Prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexisting microorganisms","volume":"143","author":"Chae","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00068","article-title":"Cystoisospora suis\u2014A Model of Mammalian Cystoisosporosis","volume":"2","author":"Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.6090\/jarq.53.59","article-title":"Retrospective and Histopathological Studies of Entamoeba spp. and Other Pathogens Associated with Diarrhea and Wasting in Pigs in Aichi Prefecture, Japan","volume":"53","author":"Komatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. Agric. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00009-6","article-title":"Role of acquired immunity and natural age resistance on course of Isospora suis coccidiosis in nursing piglets","volume":"82","author":"Koudela","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2001.00431.x","article-title":"Prevalence of enteropathogens in suckling and weaned piglets with diarrhoea in southern Germany","volume":"48","author":"Wieler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2438-9","article-title":"Efficacy of sulfonamides and Baycox\u00ae against Isospora suis in experimental infections of suckling piglets","volume":"109","author":"Joachim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.019","article-title":"Influence of toltrazuril treatment on parasitological parameters and health performance of piglets in the field\u2014\u2009An Austrian experience","volume":"183","author":"Kreiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"211","article-title":"Epidemiological factors associated to bovine coccidiosis in calves (Bos indicus) in a subhumid tropical climate","volume":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"167","article-title":"Prevalence of coccidia infection in goats in Western Pomerania (Poland) and West Ukraine Region","volume":"58","author":"Ramisz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-0024-x","article-title":"Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Awais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5646-0","article-title":"10-year parasitological examination results (2003 to 2012) of faecal samples from horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and hedgehogs","volume":"116","author":"Raue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0086","article-title":"Molecular studies on pig cryptosporidiosis in Poland","volume":"17","author":"Kaupke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00048-X","article-title":"Parasitic helminthes of the pig: Factors influencing transmission and infection levels","volume":"29","author":"Nansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00080-8","article-title":"Helminth infections in Danish organic swine herds","volume":"106","author":"Carstensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1349-0","article-title":"Environmental contamination and transmission of Ascaris suum in Danish organic pig farms","volume":"9","author":"Katakam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture","volume":"19","author":"Brooker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"49","article-title":"Experimental infection of man with Ascaris of man and the pig","volume":"23","author":"Takata","year":"1951","journal-title":"Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2307\/3276967","article-title":"Development of human and pig Ascaris in the pig and rabbit","volume":"54","author":"Galvin","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200500276","article-title":"Mutation scanning-coupled analysis of haplotypic variability in mitochondrial DNA regions reveals low gene flow between human and porcine Ascaris in endemic regions of China","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.04.009","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological investigation of Ascaris on Unguja, Zanzibar using isoenyzme analysis, DNA barcoding and microsatellite DNA profiling","volume":"105","author":"Betson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nissen, S. (2009). Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Whipworms (Trichuris spp.) Recovered from Pigs and Humans. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Copenhagen]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.011","article-title":"Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species","volume":"111","author":"Cutillas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050444","article-title":"Natural Ascaris suum infections in swine diagnosed by coprological and serological (ELISA) methods","volume":"84","author":"Roepstorff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(80)90051-X","article-title":"Ascaris suum: Nutrient absorption, growth, and intestinal pathology in young pigs experimentally infected with 15-day-old larvae","volume":"49","author":"Stephenson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080483","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of Ascaris infection in young protein-deficient pigs","volume":"83","author":"Forsum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on aetiology and pathogenesis of white spots in the liver of pigs","volume":"7","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"127","article-title":"White spots of the liver in pigs experimentally infected with Ascaris suum","volume":"23","author":"Yoshihara","year":"1983","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Anim. Health Q."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Deplazes, P., Eckert, J., von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G., and Zahner, H. (2013). Lehrbuch der Parasitologie f\u00fcr Tiermedizin, Enke Verlag. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00062-9","article-title":"Helminth surveillance as a prerequisite for anthelmintic treatment in intensive sow herds","volume":"73","author":"Roepstorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(79)90124-3","article-title":"Ascaris sp.: Water loss during dessication of embryonating eggs","volume":"48","author":"Wharton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004503","article-title":"Seasonal variation in development and survival of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis eggs on pastures","volume":"119","author":"Larsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Mejer, H., and Roepstorff, A. (2011, January 21\u201325). Long-term survival of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis eggs in relation to pasture management. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Straw, B.E., Zimmerman, J.J., D\u2019Allaire, S., and Taylor, D.J. (2006). Internal parasites. Diseases of Swine, Blackwell Publishing. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.05.032","article-title":"The effect of dietary carbohydrates and Trichuris suis infection on pig large intestine tissue structure, epithelial cell proliferation and mucin characteristics","volume":"142","author":"Thomsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00141-12","article-title":"Alterations in the porcine colon microbiota induced by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.70","article-title":"Enhancement of disease and pathology by synergy of Trichuris suis and Campylobacter jejuni in the colon of immunologically naive swine","volume":"68","author":"Mansfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/298064","article-title":"Does whipworm increase the pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni? A clinical correlate of an experimental observation","volume":"18","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(95)05482-0","article-title":"The pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in swine is linked to whipworm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.2.43","article-title":"Field observations on the longevity of Trichuris suis ova","volume":"121","author":"Burden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00023-4","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of helminth parasites of pigs on continuous pasture: Oesophagostomum dentatum and Hyostrongylus rubidus","volume":"27","author":"Roepstorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1938.s1-18.169","article-title":"A critical study of clinical laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces","volume":"18","author":"Faust","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548684","article-title":"Staining of Cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique","volume":"22","author":"Henriksen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., and Wall, R.L. (2007). Veterinary Parasitology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Zajac, A.M., and Conboy, G.A. (2012). Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Wiley Blackwell. [8th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/7\/556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:46Z","timestamp":1760176186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/7\/556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9070556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9070556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]}}}