{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:35:52Z","timestamp":1769906152652,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/08560-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/08560-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/09348-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/09348-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["453920\/2014-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["453920\/2014-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) is an agent frequently associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS). This syndrome has been reported in association with ChPV in many countries, including Brazil; however, studies characterizing the virus on a molecular level are scarce, and ChPV pathogenicity in day-old chicks remains unclear. The aim of the present work was to establish the molecular characteristics of ChPV, determine the pathogenicity of ChPV in SPF chicks and detect and quantify ChPV by qPCR in several tissues and chicks of different ages. The experimental challenge was performed at one day of age, and daily and weekly observations were performed and five birds from each experimental group (mock and infected birds) were euthanized to perform the different analysis. ChPV genome copies were detected and quantified by qPCR in gut, spleen, thymus, kidney, pancreas, proventriculus and bursa. Clinically, the infected group presented with diarrhea 24 h post-infection, which persisted until 42 days of age. The small intestine was distended, and its contents were aqueous and foamy. Enteritis and dilated crypts with cyst shapes were observed in intestinal segments. Acute pancreatitis associated with lymphocytic nodules, infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells between the pancreatic acinus was observed. Koch\u2019s postulate was demonstrated and the genetic characterization of the VP1 gene showed that the Brazilian ChPV isolate belongs to the ChPV II group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1595824790000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) in Specific Pathogen-Free Chicks Infected Experimentally"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4421-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fabian","family":"N. Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Av. Jose Queri, Quito 170513, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana H.","family":"Santander-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David I.","family":"De la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito CP E170201, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian R. M. de","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos R.","family":"Buim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Instituto Biol\u00f3gico, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, Bastos CEP 17690-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudete S.","family":"Astolfi-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Piantino Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1637\/7512-020606R.1","article-title":"Molecular characterization and typing of chicken and turkey astroviruses circulating in the United States: Implications for diagnostics","volume":"50","author":"Spackman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802210648","article-title":"Partial genome sequence analysis of parvoviruses associated with enteric disease in poultry","volume":"37","author":"Zsak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0849-z","article-title":"Molecular characterization of avian astroviruses","volume":"156","author":"Strother","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1637\/10939-092414-ResNote","article-title":"Host Specificity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Chicken and Turkey Parvoviruses","volume":"59","author":"Zsak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Torre, D., Nu\u00f1ez, L., Astolfi-Ferreira, C.S., and Piantino Ferreira, A.J. (2018). Enteric Virus Diversity Examined by Molecular Methods in Brazilian Poultry Flocks. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5020038"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez, L.F., Santander-Parra, S.H., Chaible, L., Torre, D.I.D., Buim, M.R., Murakami, A., Zaidan-Dagli, M.L., Astolfi-Ferreira, C.S., and Piantino Ferreira, A.J. (2018). Development of a sensitive real-time Fast-qPCR Based on SYBR\u00ae green for detection and quantification of Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV). Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5030069"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1637\/7511-020106R.1","article-title":"Detection of rotaviruses and intestinal lesions in broiler chicks from flocks with runting and stunting syndrome (RSS)","volume":"50","author":"Otto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450903055397","article-title":"Detection of chicken astrovirus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction","volume":"38","author":"Smyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.516387","article-title":"Development and evaluation of real-time TaqMan\u00ae RT-PCR assays for the detection of avian nephritis virus and chicken astrovirus in chickens","volume":"39","author":"Smyth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mettifogo, E., Nu\u00f1ez, L.F., Chac\u00f3n, J.L., Santander-Parra, S.H., Astolfi-Ferreira, C.S., Jerez, J.A., Jones, R.C., and Piantino Ferreira, A.J. (2014). Emergence of Enteric Viruses in Production Chickens is a Concern for Avian Health. Sci. World J., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/450423"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.553583","article-title":"Capsid protein sequence diversity of avian nephritis virus","volume":"40","author":"Todd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001025","article-title":"Chicken astrovirus as an aetiological agent of runting-stunting syndrome in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458408418536","article-title":"Presence of parvoviruses in the intestine of chickens showing stunting syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Kisary","year":"1984","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458508436203","article-title":"Experimental infection of chicken embryos and day-old chickens with parvovirus of chicken origin","volume":"14","author":"Kisary","year":"1985","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1637\/9688-021711-ResNote.1","article-title":"High prevalence of turkey parvovirus in turkey flocks from Hungary experiencing enteric disease syndromes","volume":"55","author":"Palade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901206010007","article-title":"Occurrence of chicken parvovirus infection in poland","volume":"6","author":"Tarasiuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00083-3","article-title":"Parvovirus host range, cell tropism and evolution","volume":"6","author":"Hueffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1637\/10390-092712-Review.1","article-title":"Recent Progress in the Characterization of Avian Enteric Viruses","volume":"57","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.12.027","article-title":"Determination and analysis of the full-length chicken parvovirus genome","volume":"399","author":"Day","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1637\/9746-032811-Reg.1","article-title":"Identification and phylogenetic diversity of parvovirus circulating in commercial chicken and turkey flocks in Croatia","volume":"55","author":"Bidin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev439","article-title":"Molecular detection of chicken parvovirus in broilers with enteric disorders presenting curving of duodenal loop, pancreatic atrophy, and mesenteritis","volume":"95","author":"Nunez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1637\/10371-091212-ResNote.1","article-title":"Chicken parvovirus-induced runting-stunting syndrome in young broilers","volume":"57","author":"Zsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2999-0","article-title":"Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of a novel parvovirus isolated from chickens in Guangxi, China","volume":"161","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.991693","article-title":"Genetic characterization of three novel chicken parvovirus strains based on analysis of their coding sequences","volume":"44","author":"Koo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1637\/8936-052709-Reg.1","article-title":"Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Chicken Parvovirus-Specific Antibodies","volume":"53","author":"Strother","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1637\/8464-090308-Reg.1","article-title":"Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Procedure for Detection of Chicken and Turkey Parvoviruses","volume":"53","author":"Zsak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7496","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01283-12","article-title":"A novel tool for specific detection and quantification of chicken\/turkey parvoviruses to trace poultry fecal contamination in the environment","volume":"78","author":"Rusinol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1144-0","article-title":"Chicken parvovirus viral loads in cloacal swabs from malabsorption syndrome-affected and healthy broilers","volume":"48","author":"Finkler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1517938","article-title":"Avian parvovirus: Classification, phylogeny, pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"47","author":"Kapgate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1446-0","article-title":"Genetic characterization of parvoviruses circulating in turkey and chicken flocks in Poland","volume":"157","author":"Jacukowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.553213","article-title":"Naturally occurring parvoviral infection in Hungarian broiler flocks","volume":"40","author":"Palade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.632402","article-title":"Investigation into the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome in chickens","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)51[674:PMOCTF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Periodic Monitoring of Commercial Turkeys for Enteric Viruses Indicates Continuous Presence of Astrovirus and Rotavirus on the Farms","volume":"51","author":"Spackman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450600711037","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity of avian nephritis virus in Hungarian chicken flocks","volume":"35","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2016000700006","article-title":"Detection of enteric viruses in pancreas and spleen of broilers with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS)","volume":"36","author":"Carranza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2014.981797","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterisation of chicken parvovirus from Brazilian flocks with enteric disorders","volume":"56","author":"Mettifogo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/8\/606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:41Z","timestamp":1760176301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/8\/606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9080606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9080606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]}}}