{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:49:01Z","timestamp":1790596141867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["745695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["745695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several bacteria pathogens are responsible for plant diseases causing significant economic losses. The antibacterial activity of Dunaliella salina microalgae extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo. First, biomass composition was chemically characterized and subjected to extraction using polar\/non-polar solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained using chloroform:methanol (1:1 v\/v) equal to 170 mg g\u22121 followed by ethanol (88 mg g\u22121) and hexane (61 mg g\u22121). In vitro examination of hexane extracts of Dunaliella salina demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The hexane extract showed the highest amount of \u03b2-carotene with respect to the others, so it was selected for subsequent analyses. In vivo studies were also carried out using hexane extracts of D. salina against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on young tomato plants and fruits of tomato and zucchini, respectively. The treated young tomato plants exhibited a reduction of 65.7% incidence and 77.0% severity of bacterial speck spot disease. Similarly, a reduction of soft rot symptoms was observed in treated tomato and zucchini fruits with a disease incidence of 5.3% and 12.6% with respect to 90.6% and 100%, respectively, for the positive control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effectiveness of Dunaliella salina Extracts against Bacillus subtilis and Bacterial Plant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ambrico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2640-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Trupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Magarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Balducchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-7569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9, IroonPolytechnioustr, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Hristoforou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9, IroonPolytechnioustr, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Design and Environment, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cL.Vanvitelli\u201d, Real Casa dell\u2019Annunziata, Via Roma 9, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7964-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dino","family":"Musmarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Design and Environment, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cL.Vanvitelli\u201d, Real Casa dell\u2019Annunziata, Via Roma 9, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-5999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Molino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.03.004","article-title":"A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application","volume":"19","author":"Compant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. 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