{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1792392437597,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasiel","family":"Obreg\u00f3n Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belkis","family":"Corona-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6950-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mall\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islay","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kour\u00ed, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pastor","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel A.","family":"Noda Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kour\u00ed, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian A.","family":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maylin","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23\u00bd, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafmary","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Km 1\u00bd, San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Artemisa 38100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"M\u00e9ndez Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Km 1\u00bd, San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Artemisa 38100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen N.","family":"Catanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State, University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ave. Boyeros y Conill, Plaza, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousmel","family":"Alem\u00e1n Gainza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, S\u00e3o Paulo 14884-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Marrero-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisset","family":"Roblejo-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Lobo-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adivaldo H.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Roque L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23\u00bd, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO (2019). 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