{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:45:16Z","timestamp":1766407516480,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Severe COVID-19 patients with self-reported SLS were recruited at hospitalization discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to evaluate rhinological complaints. Subjective olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES). Objective SLS was evaluated using psychophysical tests. Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied. Results: Forty-seven patients completed the study (25 females). Subjectively, eighteen (38.3%) individuals self-reported subjective partial or total SLS. Among them, only three and four were anosmic and hyposmic, respectively (38.9%). Considering the objective evaluation in the entire cohort, the prevalence of SLS was 21.3%. Elderly patients and those with diabetes had lower objective olfactory evaluation results than young and non-diabetic individuals. Conclusions: The prevalence of SLS in severe COVID-19 patients appears to be lower than previously estimated in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 forms. Future comparative studies are needed to explore the predictive value of SLS for COVID-19 severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1596424606000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris,  France"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons,  Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels,  Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Ducarme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu,  Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sammy","family":"Place","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Chiesa-Estomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris,  France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 00685 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Khalife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris,  France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"de Terwangne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Machayekhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Marchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels,  Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Journe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons,  Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris,  France"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons,  Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels,  Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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Head Neck, 42.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.03.20088526"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechien, J.R., Chiesa-Estomba, C.M., Hans, S., Barillari, M.R., Jouffe, L., and Saussez, S. (2020). Loss of Smell and Taste in 2013 European Mild-to-Moderation COVID-19 Patients. Ann. Intern. Med.","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2428"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12315","article-title":"French adaptation and validation of the sino-nasal outcome test-22: A prospective cohort study on quality of life among 422 subjects","volume":"40","author":"Horoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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