{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:33:29Z","timestamp":1790530409598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia, with a mortality rate reaching 30%, mostly affecting children. The traditionally described cycle involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low, such as in Cambodia. In 2018, we examined pigs, chickens, ducks and dogs from Kandal province, Cambodia, for antibody response against JEV by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Forces of infection (FOI) for flaviviruses and JEV were estimated per species and per unit of body surface area (BSA). JEV seroprevalence reached 31% (95% CI: 23\u201341%) in pigs, 1% (95% CI: 0.1\u20133%) in chickens, 12% (95% CI: 7\u201319%) in ducks and 35% (95% CI: 28\u201342%) in dogs. Pigs were most likely to be infected (FOI: 0.09 per month), but the FOI was higher in ducks than in pigs for a given BSA (ratio of 0.13). Dogs had a lower FOI than ducks but a higher FOI than chickens (0.01 per month). For a given BSA, dogs were less likely to be infected than pigs (ratio of 1.9). In Cambodia, the virus may be circulating between multiple hosts. Dogs live in close contact with humans, and estimating their exposure to JEV infection could be a relevant indicator of the risk for humans to get infected, which is poorly known due to underdiagnosis. Understanding the JEV cycle and developing tools to quantify the exposure of humans is essential to adapt and support control measures for this vaccine-preventable disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Comparison of Japanese Encephalitis Force of Infection in Pigs, Poultry and Dogs in Cambodian Villages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e9na","family":"Ladreyt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Auerswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sothyra","family":"Tum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreymom","family":"Ken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leangyi","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saraden","family":"In","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokchea","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chakriyouth","family":"Top","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowath","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veasna","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Dussart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"},{"name":"International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. 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