{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:58:54Z","timestamp":1790506734811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare but life-threatening infection caused by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. Its natural history is characterized by a slow parasitic growth over several years. Increased incidence and shorter development delay have been reported in immune-compromised patients. We report the reactivation of aborted lesions within 12 months of lung transplantation leading to a fast-growing aggressive hepatic lesion. Timely identification of alveolar echninococcosis allowed prompt albendazole treatment and radical surgery leading to a favorable outcome 42 months after transplantation. However, close clinical, serological and radiological monitoring is required to rule out relapses in the long term. The pre-existence of aborted self-limited lesions of alveolar echinococcosis and the possibility for their atypical rapid growth in patients undergoing profound immunosuppression should be known by healthcare providers, even if working in non-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T20:44:13Z","timestamp":1600289053000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fast-Growing Alveolar Echinococcosis Following Lung Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Dupont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9deric","family":"Grenouillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de S\u00e9rologies Parasitaires et Fongiques, Laboratoire de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UMR6249 CNRS-UBFC Chrono-Environnement, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Mabrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Chirurgie Digestive et de Transplantation H\u00e9patique, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69317 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Inserm, CRCL UMR1052, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69373 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Radiologie, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Persat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Agents Infectieux, Parasitologie Mycologie, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69317 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Wallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Agents Infectieux, Parasitologie Mycologie, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69317 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Physiologie Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e du Syst\u00e8me D\u2019\u00e9veil, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69675 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mornex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"},{"name":"INRAE, IVPC, UMR754, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Philit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69317 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Agents Infectieux, Parasitologie Mycologie, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69317 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Physiologie Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e du Syst\u00e8me D\u2019\u00e9veil, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69675 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00075-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","article-title":"Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.029","article-title":"Susceptibility versus resistance in alveolar echinococcosis (larval infection with Echinococcus multilocularis)","volume":"213","author":"Gottstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veter Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu520","article-title":"Increased Incidence and Characteristics of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Patients With Immunosuppression-Associated Conditions","volume":"59","author":"Chauchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00583.x","article-title":"Rapidly progressive hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in an ABO-incompatible renal transplant recipient","volume":"13","author":"Geyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00060","article-title":"Elevated incidence of alveolar echinococcosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"16","author":"Lachenmayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth, T., Herrmann, T.S., Tappe, D., Stark, L., Gr\u00fcner, B., Buttenschoen, K., Hillenbrand, A., Juchems, M., Henne-Bruns, R., and Kern, P. (2012). Sensitive and Specific Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis with the Monoclonal Antibody Em2G11. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001877"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Rapport Annuel D\u2019activit\u00e9. Available online: https:\/\/cnr-echinococcoses-ccoms.univ-fcomte.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/rapport_activite_cnr-e_2018-.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001352","article-title":"Francechino Network Detecting nested clusters of human alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"140","author":"Grenouillet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","article-title":"The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease","volume":"96","author":"Kern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70268-5","article-title":"Cestodes: Echinococcus","volume":"25","author":"Ammann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2008.11.007","article-title":"Granulomatous liver disease as the presenting feature of alveolar echinococcosis in an hepatitis C infected cardiac transplant patient","volume":"30","author":"Gaultier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2017.01.008","article-title":"Pulmonary granuloma in an immunodepressed patient","volume":"35","author":"Gadby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020024","article-title":"International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses","volume":"27","author":"Vuitton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923193","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/923193","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularisand Its Intermediate Host: A Model of Parasite-Host Interplay","volume":"2010","author":"Vuitton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i13.3621","article-title":"Proposal of a computed tomography classification for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"22","author":"Graeter","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimm, J., Beck, A., Nell, J., Schmidberger, J., Hillenbrand, A., Beer, A.J., Dezs\u00e9nyi, B., Shi, R., Beer, M., and Kern, P. (2020). Combining Computed Tomography and Histology Leads to an Evolutionary Concept of Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080634"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2478\/s11687-011-0032-4","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis in patient after cadaveric kidney transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Bena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00055","article-title":"Diagnostic and follow-up performance of serological tests for different forms\/courses of alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"16","author":"Gottstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.003","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals","volume":"96","author":"Casulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016019","article-title":"Efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: A retrospective analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bulakci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001374","article-title":"Pathology of Echinococcosis: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study on 138 Specimens With Focus on the Differential Diagnosis Between Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis","volume":"44","author":"Reinehr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/9\/756\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:40Z","timestamp":1760177440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/9\/756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9090756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9090756","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}}}