{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:32:06Z","timestamp":1791822726095,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2017NCT-1845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Ram\u00f3n Areces Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC-2015-18368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2015-18368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Onchocerca includes several species associated with ungulates as hosts, although some have been identified in canids, felids, and humans. Onchocerca species have a wide geographical distribution, and the disease they produce, onchocerciasis, is generally seen in adult individuals because of its large prepatency period. In recent years, Onchocerca species infecting animals have been found as subcutaneous nodules or invading the ocular tissues of humans; the species involved are O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, O. jakutensis, O. gutturosa, and O. cervicalis. These findings generally involve immature adult female worms, with no evidence of being fertile. However, a few cases with fertile O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, and O. jakutensis worms have been identified recently in humans. These are relevant because they indicate that the parasite\u2019s life cycle was completed in the new host\u2014humans. In this work, we discuss the establishment of zoonotic Onchocerca infections in humans, and the possibility of these infections to produce symptoms similar to human onchocerciasis, such as dermatitis, ocular damage, and epilepsy. Zoonotic onchocerciasis is thought to be an emerging human parasitic disease, with the need to take measures such as One Health Strategies, in order to identify and control new cases in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T20:47:48Z","timestamp":1600375668000},"page":"761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Cambra-Pellej\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ganader\u00eda de Monta\u00f1a (CSIC-Universidad de Le\u00f3n), 24346 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Gandasegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0418-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Bala\u00f1a-Fouce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Valladares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ganader\u00eda de Monta\u00f1a (CSIC-Universidad de Le\u00f3n), 24346 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, May 11). Parasites\u2013Onchocerciasis (Also Known as River Blindness), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/onchocerciasis\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Identification of Onchocerca. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology","volume":"Volume 17","author":"Taylor","year":"1979","journal-title":"Problems in the Identification of Parasites and Their Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(90)90107-M","article-title":"Prevalence of Microfilariae in Cattle at Slaughter in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"Ogbogu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.12.009","article-title":"Whence river blindness? The domestication of mammals and host-parasite co-evolution in the nematode genus Onchocerca","volume":"47","author":"Lefoulon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.09.003","article-title":"Nodular onchocercosis in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Sweden","volume":"6","author":"Boijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites. Wildl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0628-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in northern Uganda after the implementation of onchocerciasis control measures","volume":"9","author":"Gumisiriza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9","article-title":"A cryptic species of Onchocerca (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in blackflies (Simulium spp.) from southern California, USA","volume":"11","author":"Verocai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1400011X","article-title":"Levels of infection, pathology and nodule size of Onchocerca flexuosa (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northern Spain","volume":"89","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-242","article-title":"Defining parasite biodiversity at high latitudes of North America: New host and geographic records for Onchocerca cervipedis (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in moose and caribou","volume":"5","author":"Verocai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.031","article-title":"Onchocerca armillata contains the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia and elicits a limited inflammatory response","volume":"174","author":"Neary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"77","article-title":"The distribution and redescription of the microfilariae of Onchocerca armillata Railliet and Henry, 1909","volume":"17","author":"ElBihari","year":"1976","journal-title":"Sudan J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01075477","article-title":"Onchocerca armillata Railliet and Henry, 1909 and Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) in camels (Camelus dromedarius L.) in the Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Hussein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1957.11685810","article-title":"Aortic onchocerciasis due to Onchocerca armillata in cattle in Ghana, with special reference to the morphology of the parasite","volume":"51","author":"Chodnik","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587801500407","article-title":"Bovine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa","volume":"15","author":"Cheema","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"351","article-title":"Onchocercoses bovines au Senegal. Note preliminaire","volume":"36","author":"Vassiliades","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812393","article-title":"On the possibility of bovine Onchocerca species infecting Simulium damnosum s.l. in the forest zone of Sierra Leone. I. Parasitological aspects","volume":"83","author":"Trees","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(90)90106-L","article-title":"Aortic onchocercosis and elaeophorosis in traditional TSZ-cattle in Tabora (Tanzania): Prevalence and pathology","volume":"36","author":"Mtei","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"225","article-title":"Prevalence of aortic onchocerciasis in cattle of Assam","volume":"16","author":"Begam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5277-x","article-title":"Filarial infection caused by Onchocerca boehmi (Supperer, 1953) in a horse from Italy","volume":"116","author":"Lia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"193","article-title":"Filarosen der Pferde in \u00d6sterreich","volume":"40","author":"Supperer","year":"1953","journal-title":"Wien. Tier\u00e4rztliche Mon."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02297384","article-title":"Filarial infection of Equidae in the Tehran area of Iran","volume":"9","author":"Mirzayans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00023774","article-title":"Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet and Henry 1910: I. Onchocerca cervicalis in British horses","volume":"47","author":"Mellor","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2307\/3282085","article-title":"Seasonal changes in density and tissue distribution of Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae in ponies and related changes in Culicoides variipennis populations in Louisiana","volume":"73","author":"Foil","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1953.tb13937.x","article-title":"Studies on allergic dermatitis (Queensland itch) of the horse. I. Description, distribution, symptoms and pathology","volume":"7","author":"Riek","year":"1953","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/3284021","article-title":"Efficacy of moxidectin oral gel against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae","volume":"81","author":"Monahan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)98035-6","article-title":"Zoonotic Onchocerca (Nematoda:Filarioidea) in the cornea of a Colorado resident","volume":"105","author":"Burr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.888-892","article-title":"Prevalence and pathogenesis of some filarial nematodes infecting donkeys in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Radwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"199","article-title":"Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann, 1910 as a causative parasite of bovine dermatitis \u2018Wahi\u2019 and Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet et Henry, 1910 as a causative parasite of equine dermatitis \u2018Kasen\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Sato","year":"1954","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"321","article-title":"Preliminary studies on the incidence of Filaziae in equidae in the Netherlands","volume":"100","author":"Lutz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cutaneous onchocerciasis in the horse: Five cases in southwestern british columbia","volume":"24","author":"Lees","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1550","article-title":"Efficacy of ivermectin in paste and injectable formulations against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and resolution of associated dermatitis in horses","volume":"49","author":"French","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TROP.0000042863.83233.78","article-title":"Onchocerca cervicalis in horses from southern Brazil","volume":"36","author":"Marques","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"323","article-title":"Research of skin microfilariae on 160 horses from Poland, France and Spain","volume":"157","author":"Franck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revue. M\u00e9d. V\u00e9t."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Pledger, D.J. (1978). Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Swan Hills, Alberta, as possible vectors of Onchocerca cervipedis Wehr  Dikmans 1935 (Nematoda; Onchocercidae) in moose (Alces alces Linnaeus). [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta]."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"202","article-title":"New nematodes (Filariidae) from North America ruminants","volume":"110","author":"Wehr","year":"1935","journal-title":"Zool. Anz."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"177","article-title":"Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) and other parasites of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Costa Rica","volume":"68","author":"Carreno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1977524471","article-title":"Description d\u2019Onchocerca dewittei n. sp. (Filarioidea) chez Sus scrofa en Malaisie","volume":"52","author":"Bain","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010171039","article-title":"Molecular identification of infective larvae of three species of Onchocerca found in wild-caught females of Simulium bidentatum in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Fukuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01023.x","article-title":"Blackfly vectors of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Takaoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2001083215","article-title":"Onchocerca dewittei japonica n. subsp., a common parasite from wild boar in Kyushu Island, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Uni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2004113285","article-title":"Zoonotic onchocerciasis caused by a parasite from wild boar in Oita, Japan. A comprehensive analysis of morphological characteristics of the worms for its diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Takaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1991.11812569","article-title":"The development of Onchocerca dukei and O. ochengi microfilariae to infective-stage larvae in Simulium damnosum s.l. and in members of the S. medusaeforme group, following intra-thoracic injection","volume":"85","author":"Wahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90121-X","article-title":"Bovine onchocercosis in north Cameroon","volume":"52","author":"Wahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90057-3","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in Zambia: Report of O. volvulus in a child and its differentiation from O. dukei in cattle","volume":"77","author":"Beaver","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"46","article-title":"The prevalence of Onchocerca spp. in cattle in northern Togo in 1979","volume":"37","author":"Denke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008152111","article-title":"Infective larvae of five Onchocerca species from experimentally infected Simulium species in an area of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Fukuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite2007143199","article-title":"Onchocerca eberhardi n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from sika deer in Japan; relationships between species parasitic in cervids and bovids in the Holarctic region","volume":"14","author":"Uni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12407","article-title":"Survey of infection and determination of the transmission vector of Onchocerca fasciata in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0002513X","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia","volume":"58","author":"Cheema","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"81","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of camels","volume":"13","author":"Chhabra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Camel. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00203-4","article-title":"Evidence of Onchocerca fasciata (Filaroidea: Onchocercidae) in camels (Camelus dromedarius): I- prevalence, nodular lesions appearance and parasite morphology","volume":"88","author":"Derbala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0335:ASOCCD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan","volume":"31","author":"Sharrif","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.11.004","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus Onchocerca with special emphasis on Afrotropical human and bovine parasites","volume":"101","author":"Krueger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017024","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931\u20132017)\u2014A literature review","volume":"24","author":"Sazmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z.C., Zhang, W., Li, B., Luo, X.P., Wang, R., and Yang, X.Y. (2019). A survey of Onchocerca fasciata infection in camels (Camelus bactrianus) with notes on morphology. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214477"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"203","article-title":"Results of studies on the potential vectors of microfilariae of Onchocerca flesuosa (Weld, 1856) and Wehrdikmansia cervipedis (Wehr et Dikmans, 1935)","volume":"41","author":"Dykova","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"246","article-title":"Onchocerca flexuosa from the subcutaneous tissues of an antelope and subcutaneous abscesses of a deer","volume":"19","author":"Dikmans","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"437","article-title":"Les onchocerques du cerf europ\u00e9en: Redescription d\u2019O. flexuosa (Wedl, 1856) et description d\u2019O. tubingensis n.sp. et O. tarsicola n.sp","volume":"25","author":"Bain","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"315","article-title":"Occurrence of tissue Filarioidea in ruminants in Poland","volume":"35","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050220","article-title":"Distribution of mast cells and their correlation with inflammatory cells around Onchocerca gutturosa, O. tarsicola, O. ochengi, and O. flexuosa","volume":"83","author":"Wildenburg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-2","article-title":"Localization of Wolbachia-like gene transcripts and peptides in adult Onchocerca flexuosa worms indicates tissue specific expression","volume":"6","author":"McNulty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06607-5","article-title":"First molecular detection of Onchocerca flexuosa (Wedl, 1856) in red deer in Slovakia","volume":"119","author":"Lazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687399","article-title":"Culicoides kingi, Austen: A vector of Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) in the Sudan","volume":"74","author":"Hussein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07300.x","article-title":"Onchocerca gutturosa in an Australian camel","volume":"62","author":"Holdsworth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, D.W., and Miller, W.H. (2003). Equine Dermatology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1053\/jevs.2003.19"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200204000-00020","article-title":"Zoonotic onchocerciasis of the shoulder. A case report","volume":"84","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.05.007","article-title":"Teat onchocercosis in cows with reference to prevalence, species involved and pathology","volume":"78","author":"Beytut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3925-6","article-title":"Onchocerca jakutensis ocular infection in Poland: A new vector-borne human health risk?","volume":"13","author":"Wesolowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.4.963","article-title":"First description of nodular onchocercosis (Onchocerca jakutensis) in free-ranging Italian red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"47","author":"Morandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001","article-title":"Wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in Austria","volume":"4","author":"Duscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.06.001","article-title":"First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites. Wildl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latrofa, M.S., Annoscia, G., Colella, V., Cavalera, M.A., Maia, C., Martin, C., Slapeta, J., and Otranto, D. (2018). A real-time PCR tool for the surveillance of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi in dogs, cats and potential vectors. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006402"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Rodonaja, T.E. (1967). A New Species of Nematode, Onchocerca lupi n. sp., from Canis Lupus Cubanensis, Soobshchenyia Akad Nauk Gruzinoskoy SSR."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.008","article-title":"Onchocercosis: A newly recognized disease in dogs","volume":"151","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150061","article-title":"Onchocerca lupi Nematode in Cat, Portugal","volume":"21","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0465","article-title":"Case report: First evidence of human zoonotic infection by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae)","volume":"84","author":"Otranto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00507-6","article-title":"Ocular onchocercosis in dogs: Aberrant infection in an accidental host or lupi onchocercosis?","volume":"101","author":"Varga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00235.x","article-title":"Subconjunctival filariasis due to Onchocerca sp. in dogs: Report of 23 cases in Greece","volume":"5","author":"Komnenou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.021","article-title":"Molecular genetic comparison of Onchocerca sp. infecting dogs in Europe with other spirurid nematodes including Onchocerca lienalis","volume":"148","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-84","article-title":"Human ocular filariasis: Further evidence on the zoonotic role of Onchocerca lupi","volume":"5","author":"Otranto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-013-0152-8","article-title":"Onchocerca lupi infection in Turkey: A unique case of a rare human parasite","volume":"58","author":"Ilhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X13000060","article-title":"Human ocular onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in Iran","volume":"88","author":"Mowlavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141812","article-title":"Canine Infections with Onchocerca lupi Nematodes, United States, 2011\u20132014","volume":"21","author":"Otranto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1587-1","article-title":"First detection of Onchocerca lupi infection in dogs in southern Spain","volume":"9","author":"Montoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2000144","article-title":"Onchocerca ochengi transmission dynamics and the correlation of O. ochengi microfilaria density in cattle with the transmission potential","volume":"31","author":"Achukwi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.7964","article-title":"Les onchocercoses des bovins togolais a O. dukei et O. dermata","volume":"27","author":"Bussieras","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"D\u00e9veloppement d\u2019onchocerques animales chez le vecteur de l\u2019onchocercose humaine Simulium sirbanum Vajime et Dunbar, 1975 (Diptera: Simuliidae) en zone subsah\u00e9lienne du Mali, Afrique de L\u2019Ouest","volume":"178","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cahiers. ORSTOM"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1832-7","article-title":"Discrimination between Onchocerca volvulus and O. ochengi filarial larvae in Simulium damnosum (s.l.) and their distribution throughout central Ghana using a versatile high-resolution speciation assay","volume":"9","author":"Doyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0525","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Onchocerca spp. Larvae in Simulium damnosum sensu lato Collected in Northern Uganda","volume":"97","author":"Verocai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1993683139","article-title":"Onchocerca ramachandrini n. sp. from the warthog in Cameroon","volume":"68","author":"Bain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"102","article-title":"Culicoides nubeculosus Meig (Diptera Ceratopogonida), possible intermediary host of the filaria Onchocerca reticulata Dies. in Camargue","volume":"233","author":"Moignoux","year":"1951","journal-title":"C R Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"178","article-title":"A note on the occurrence of Onchocerca Reticulata Diesing 1841 in the horse in Queensland","volume":"30","author":"Riek","year":"1954","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Experimental study of the evolutive cycle of microfilaria Onchocerca reticulata Dies. in Camargue","volume":"145","author":"Moignoux","year":"1951","journal-title":"C R Seances. Soc. Biol. Fil."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994014349","article-title":"Onchocerca suzukii n. sp. and O. skrjabini (= O. tarsicola) from a relict bovid, Capricornis crispus, in Japan","volume":"1","author":"Yagi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105344","article-title":"Natural infections with larvae of Onchocerca species type I in the human-biting black fly, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae), in western Thailand","volume":"204","author":"Saeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0655-2","article-title":"New zoonotic cases of Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in Honshu, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Uni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1653_18","article-title":"Study of onchocerciasis-related visual impairment in North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa","volume":"68","author":"Baranwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150350","article-title":"The mitogenome of Onchocerca volvulus from the Brazilian Amazonia focus","volume":"111","author":"Crainey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0688","article-title":"More Progress in Eliminating Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti in the Americas: A Portent of Global Eradication","volume":"93","author":"Kazura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.28.1.13554","article-title":"Nodding syndrome (NS) and Onchocerca Volvulus (OV) in Northern Uganda","volume":"28","author":"Lagoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.009","article-title":"The blackfly vectors and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Mahenge, south eastern Tanzania","volume":"181","author":"Hendy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0809","article-title":"Comparison of PCR Methods for Onchocerca volvulus Detection in Skin Snip Biopsies from the Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"98","author":"Cama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.08.024","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in Onchocerca volvulus infection: A review","volume":"145","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.007","article-title":"Molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90190-2","article-title":"The evolutionary expansion of the Spirurida","volume":"24","author":"Chabaud","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1981565503","article-title":"Le genre Onchocerca: Hypoth\u00e8ses sur son \u00e9volution et cl\u00e9 dichotomique des esp\u00e8ces","volume":"56","author":"Bain","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"89","article-title":"Microfilariae Onchocerca alcis Bain et Rehbinder, 1986\u2014A new parasite of moose Alces alces (L.) in Poland","volume":"64","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"124","article-title":"Redescription of Onchocerca jakutensis (gubanov, 11964) (nematoda, filarioidea)","volume":"38","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"60","article-title":"Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 1. Development of the nodule, finding of the sexes and production of the microfilariae in Onchocerca flexuosa (Wedl, 1856), in the red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"26","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Pascoe, R.R.R., and Knottenbelt, D.C. (1999). Onchocercal dermatitis (onchocercosis microfilariasis). Manual Equine Dermatol., 141\u2013143."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Giannelli, A., Abramo, F., Ignjatovic Cupina, A., Petric, D., Cardoso, L., Mutafchiev, Y., and Cortes, H. (2013). Cutaneous distribution and circadian rhythm of Onchocerca lupi microfilariae in dogs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002585"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00911.x","article-title":"Onchocerca lupi causing ocular disease in two cats","volume":"14","author":"Labelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391429-3.00008-3","article-title":"Assessment and monitoring of onchocerciasis in Latin America","volume":"77","author":"Unnasch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000338","article-title":"The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania","volume":"137","author":"Nassri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foltz, J.L., Makumbi, I., Sejvar, J.J., Malimbo, M., Ndyomugyenyi, R., Atai-Omoruto, A.D., Alexander, L.N., Abang, B., Melstrom, P., and Kakooza, A.M. (2013). An Epidemiologic Investigation of Potential Risk Factors for Nodding Syndrome in Kitgum District, Uganda. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066419"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401","article-title":"Nodding syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.006","article-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"54","author":"McArthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21099","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.16.21099","article-title":"Human case of Onchocerca lupi infection, Germany, August 2014","volume":"20","author":"Bergua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62255-8","article-title":"A cervical spine mass caused by Onchocerca lupi","volume":"86","author":"Dudley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4535-7","article-title":"Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi: An emerging zoonotic infection. Systematic review","volume":"114","author":"Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.PEDS14462","article-title":"Case report of an epidural cervical Onchocerca lupi infection in a 13-year-old boy","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ983","article-title":"The Emergence of Zoonotic Onchocerca lupi Infection in the United States\u2014A Case-Series","volume":"62","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12256","article-title":"Zoonotic onchocerciasis","volume":"65","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.07.006","article-title":"A new case of zoonotic onchocercosis in northern Kyushu, Japan","volume":"64","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.06.006","article-title":"Zoonotic infection with Onchocerca dewittei japonica in an 11-year-old boy in Kansai Region, Western Honshu, Japan","volume":"66","author":"Uni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.101943","article-title":"Human case of Onchocerca dewittei japonica infection in Fukushima, Northeastern Honshu, Japan","volume":"72","author":"Fukuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"156","article-title":"The first instance of detection of nematode Onchocerca Diesing, 1841 in a person in the USSR","volume":"34","author":"Azarova","year":"1965","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Paraarticul\u00e4res Nematodengranulom (einheimische Onchocerca)","volume":"95","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"1965","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.298","article-title":"Zoonotic Onchocerca in a Japanese Child","volume":"40","author":"Beaver","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813702","article-title":"Subconjunctival zoonotic Onchocerca in an Albanian man","volume":"95","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.036","article-title":"Zoonotic intravitreal Onchocerca in Hungary","volume":"112","author":"Sallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.739","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis in the Arabian Peninsula: Autochthonous onchocerciasis and dirofilariasis","volume":"79","author":"Hira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03358-13","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of a zoonotic Onchocerca species in an adult male, acquired in Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"52","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.595","article-title":"Zoonotic onchocercosis in a resident of Illiois and observations on the identification of Onchocerca species","volume":"23","author":"Beaver","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687213","article-title":"Tissue pathology and comparative microanatomy of Onchocerca from a resident of Ontario and other enzootic Onchocerca species from Canada and the U.S.A","volume":"71","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1996032179","article-title":"Second case of zoonotic Onchocerca infection in a resident of Oita in Japan","volume":"3","author":"Takaoka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0733","article-title":"Case Report, Zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in a 22-month-old child in Arizona: First report in the United States and a review of the literature","volume":"88","author":"Eberhard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2004.08.003","article-title":"An Onchocerca species of wild boar found in the subcutaneous nodule of a resident of Oita, Japan","volume":"54","author":"Takaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.05.006","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis caused by Onchocerca dewittei japonica in a resident of Hiroshima Prefecture, Honshu, Japan","volume":"59","author":"Uni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.070017","article-title":"Onchocerca jakutensis filariasis in humans","volume":"13","author":"Koehsler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1630-1643","article-title":"Vector-borne nematode diseases in pets and humans in the Mediterranean Basin: An update","volume":"12","author":"Tahir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130553","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0553","article-title":"Evolution in action: Climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease","volume":"370","author":"Hoberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001267","article-title":"Subconjunctival zoonotic onchocerciasis in man: Aberrant infection with Onchocerca lupi?","volume":"96","author":"Egyed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60942-8","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of ivermectin in endemic communities in Ghana: A two-phase epidemiological study, 2021\u20132029","volume":"369","author":"Eng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"340","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. I. West African savanna","volume":"40","author":"Remme","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"376","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. III. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium sanctipauli","volume":"41","author":"Dadzie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.04.005","article-title":"The onchocerciasis chronicle: From the beginning to the end?","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0160-z","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus keratitis (river blindness): A novel role for endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria","volume":"192","author":"Pearlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00469","article-title":"Macrofilaricides: An Unmet Medical Need for Filarial Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Hawryluk","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0481-9","article-title":"Burden of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: First estimates and research priorities","volume":"7","author":"Mollenkopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004478","article-title":"Prevalence of River Epilepsy in the Orientale Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"10","author":"Colebunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30425-0","article-title":"The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: A prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Chesnais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.11.004","article-title":"High prevalence of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in villages in Maridi County, Republic of South Sudan: A community-based survey","volume":"63","author":"Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizures"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"30122","article-title":"Changes in epilepsy burden after onchocerciasis elimination in a hyperendemic focus of western Uganda: A comparison of two population-based, cross-sectional studies","volume":"20","author":"Gumisriza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa206","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa206","article-title":"A Second Population-Based Cohort Study in Cameroon Confirms the Temporal Relationship Between Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Chesnais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz090","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Not Tauopathy Is a Predominant Pathological Signature of Nodding Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)92670-2","article-title":"The pathogenesis and pathology of ocular onchocerciasis","volume":"49","author":"Rodger","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf6953","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6953","article-title":"Nodding syndrome may be an autoimmune reaction to the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687368","article-title":"Multiplication of bluetongue virus in culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) simultaneously infected with the virus and the microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet  Henry)","volume":"74","author":"Mellor","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032748","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Nodding Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.11.029","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus is not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy","volume":"91","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siewe Fodjo, J.N., Mandro, M., Mukendi, D., Tepage, F., Menon, S., Nakato, S., Nyisi, F., Abhafule, G., Wonya\u2019rossi, D., and Anyolito, A. (2019). Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Clinical description and relationship with microfilarial density. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/577247"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.002","article-title":"Is nodding syndrome an Onchocerca volvulus-induced neuroinflammatory disorder? Uganda\u2019s story of research in understanding the disease","volume":"45","author":"Idro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.08.001","article-title":"Nodding syndrome-a new hypothesis and new direction for research","volume":"27","author":"Colebunders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","article-title":"The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness","volume":"295","author":"Blackwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/9\/761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:59Z","timestamp":1760177459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/9\/761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9090761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9090761","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]}}}